Essay on Effect of Mass Media on Youth - 775 Words

MASS MEDIA’S EFFECT ON YOUTH Over the years, technology has progressed from being merely a form of practical functions to forms of entertainment, such as computer and video games. Since the commencement of these technological advancements, our lives have become significantly more convenient. However, as technology has considerably developed, it has had detrimental effects on members of society, especially on youth. Young people now identify social internet networks, video games, cell phones, and numerous other electronic amusements as essential technological devices. Nevertheless, juveniles are utilizing these electronic devices in a misguided manner, resulting in an increase of negative outcomes in this age group. Technology has†¦show more content†¦Due to the high severity of offence obtained by the victims, there have been numerous suicidal attempts by victims, around the world, and the severity is rising day by day. Not only is it detrimental for the victims, but it also negatively affects the aggressor by perpetuating undesirable self-images. The â€Å"cyber† reputations they have developed for themselves may have the potential to negatively affect them in the future. In order to reduce the harm that is being exchanged, parents or guardians should try to become much more aware of the child’s social environment constructed by mass media. The choices of video game genres made by youths are becoming much more violent and inappropriate for certain ages. According to my research, over than ninety percent of video games that are being played by youths involve violence or are labelled PG meaning that adult supervision is recommended. Even juveniles in their childhood are playing video games, categorized as PG without their parents’ consent. In the majority of PG games, the objective is to use violence to kill people. Exposing young children to the violence and murder in video games will encourage wrong concept of life, death and violence. Children a re not formally informed of what death is; therefore it is very easy for them to obtain misconceptions about death. As a result of becoming desensitized to death and aggression, the child willShow MoreRelatedCulture Globalization and Its Impact on Recreation Culture1353 Words   |  6 Pagesglobalization is one of globalization fields which correlated by cultural side , all life fields impacted by globalization , the sport field is one of fields which impact by social phenomenon what appear on societies , but globalization appearance and its effect on any field will connected by cultural and ideological debates what its to hard to predict its results. Cultural globalization is most important globalization fields , Arab makers decision are commit error if they believe that challenges ofRead MoreBad Influence of Mass Media on Kids1499 Words   |  6 Pagesgreater access and influence over our children than ever before. The internet and the media are bringing the outside world into your home; your childs peers; the influences on children from movies and the music they listen to are growing in importance and influence every day, the negative effects of television violence to children, negative effects marijuana, cigarettes, alcohol and some of the heavier drugs are all having negative Read More‚Äà ºMass Media (Television, the Internet, Advertising) Influence Youth Too Much Nowadays.‚Äà ¹ to What Extent Is This True?794 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Mass media (television, the internet, advertising) influence youth too much nowadays.† To what extent is this true? In the recent years, the prevalence of mass media has been undeniable. All over the world, youths have access to mass media through their smartphones, television sets and computers. In such a media-driven world, it is no surprise that mass media has come to play a substantial role in the attitudes and mindsets of youth. To a large extent, mass media does have the power to influenceRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Media On Youth And Society1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Mass Media on the Youth and Society Nowadays, the issue of mass media has caused much debate in the modern society, as well as mass media is becoming more important as a component that negatively affects the behavior of young people. There are many other factors, such as micro-environment, economic instability, the decline of moral values affecting children and young people and encourage them to commit unlawful acts. However, unlimited access to the Internet, mobile phone use in theRead MoreImpact of Media on the People of Pakistan1347 Words   |  6 PagesIn the late 20th Century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries: books, newspapers, magazines, recordings, radio, movies, television and the internet. With the explosion of digital communication technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the question of what forms of media should be classified as mass media has become more prominent. For example, it is controversial whether to include cell phones, video games and computer games ( such as MMORPGs) in the definitionRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society1306 Words   |  6 Pagesis mass media. Mass media is a means of communication that reach number of people in a short time. Mass media includes television, newspaper, magazine, radio and Internet (Nariman,2011) . It is a large pool of information from where every type of information can be extracted and is widening more and more. Mass media influences the society especially the younger generation and shape their opinions and decisions. The study of the impacts of mass media requires a great understanding. Mass media haveRead MoreActs of Violence by American Youth: A Result of Culture, Media, and Capitalism776 Words   |  3 Pages Course title and number Professors name Due date Acts of Violence by American Youth Research Paper Outline Thesis Statement: The proliferation of violence committed by American youth demonstrates tight connections among culture, media, and capitalism creating unique circumstances that result in excessive violence and rage relative to other youth around the world. I. Introduction Juvenile Criminals Youth Violence A. Juvenile crime is not new. Juveniles have committed crimes for as longRead MoreAn Analysis of How Mass Media Affects the Youth950 Words   |  4 PagesOF HOW MASS MEDIA AFFECTS THE YOUTH Imagine a world without media. Can limiting the amount of media in today s society, decrease the affects it has on the young minds of today or not? Can their minds develop an intellectual way of thinking and behaving under a restricted amount of media? Being so, media everywhere has both negative and positive influence on the youth. This essay will discuss such influences of the media on the youth as well as how they can be addressed. First, the mass mediaRead MoreAnalyzing Violence and Crime in USA1357 Words   |  5 Pageslook specifically at the youth of this country and the effects that are produced because of their behavior. Essentially, this essay will try to communicate how the proliferation of violence committed by American youth demonstrates tight connections among culture, media, and capitalism creating unique circumstances that result in excessive violence and rage relative to other youth around the world. This essay will first introduce the subject of juvenile crime and youth violence and indentify similaritiesRead MoreThe media have largely negative effects on people. It affects people of all ages, genders, and600 Words   |  3 PagesThe media have largely negative effects on people. It affects people of all ages, genders, and races. Effects are defined as a change that results when something is done or happens or a particular mood or feeling created by something. The media does this in both a positive and negative way but it’s negative effects are much worse and more numerous. Mass media does affect the way in which people think and act. Its positive influences are celebrated, but its negative effects are something not beneficial

Institutional DIscrimination is Unjust - 716 Words

Discrimination, unjust judgment on others based on their characteristic which within a company will institutionalize. Institutional discrimination means a group is seen a certain way that an institution encourages or dislike for employee, interns, or student while interpersonal discrimination discriminations against people based on a personal views. Though discrimination was more common in the times of slavery and women as ‘stay at home moms’ but it still exist in the modern times of the last ten years. Everyday American’s face discrimination by companies and institutions based on gender, race, and social class with negative judgment. The negative judgments leads to the unjust treatment such as unequal payment, healthcare coverage and inaccurate stereotypes. In article, â€Å"Gender Gouging† from Multinational Monitor Magazine’s January/ February 2009 Edition, the unjust treatments of women compared to men is revealed. â€Å"†¦women on an average earn less than men to begin with, that they are more likely to face challenges paying for their health care,† (Multinational Monitor 5). The rates of a woman’s healthcare premiums can range from 4% to 48% more than a male. In some states, maturity coverage isn’t available or pay an additional fee that covers a fraction of the â€Å"uncomplicated birth cost ... [which] average[s] $7,000† (5). Some state many also deny women insurance if they suffered domestic violence which â€Å"†¦basically victimizing women once again,† (5). Though not all but mostShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Framework Within The Area Of Equal Opportunities1399 Words   |  6 Pagesform of discrimination and its causes, it supports and puts in place progressive awareness of equality in the community. The law requires people to be given equal opportunities regardless of their personal characteristics and backgrounds. The Equal Opportunities Act 2010, brought together some anti discriminatory laws to make it simple for people to understand their rights and duty to society as well as the enforcement of fair treatment for all including targeting and fighting discrimination againstRead MoreAppedix C673 Words   |  3 Pages |Definition | |Discrimination |The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, esp. on the| | |grounds of race, age, or sex. | |Institutional discrimination |Unfair prejudice against individuals as a result of the way an organization works or | Read MoreAtticus Finch in To Kill A Mocking Bird is an Accommodator Not an Activist559 Words   |  3 Pagesincorrect compared to Malcolm Gladwell because Atticus is an accommodator by not fighting against institutional racism. Malcolm Gladwell says Atticus is an accommodator and Lance McMillian says Atticus is an activist. In Gladwell’s essay, his reasoning behind Atticus being an accommodator is Atticus’ similarity to James Folsom. Folsom respected African Americans as equals but never fought the institutional racism. Atticus also never reacted with range when Tom Robinson is told he is guilty. AnotherRead MoreIs Australia a Racist Country?1091 Words   |  5 PagesRacism is discrimination or abusive behaviour towards another race or religion. Australia is a very young multicultural country where at hand is strong evidence to suggest that Australia is racist, and in contrast there are many examples that support this questions that we humans beings can live in peace and harmony with all Australians. According to the ABCDiamond The proportion of the population of Australians born overseas is quoted â€Å"over one quarter of Australians were born overseas†. This meansRead MoreLetter From A Birmingham Jail And Barack Obama s A More Perfect Union1304 Words   |  6 Pagesrace relations in this country. The ideas from both of the readings explain how black Americans faced hatred and violence because they were viewed as less then. The writings also include how each leader is trying to change the world’s view of discrimination. Both are fighting for the same cause. They are trying to move forward and provide future generations a better lifestyle then the past or present. Maddox Jr., Alton H. Belittling Dr. King s words and actions. New York Amsterdam News 17 JanRead MoreInstitutional Racism : The Systematic Oppression Of People Of Color Essay1283 Words   |  6 PagesInstitutional Racism: The Systematic Oppression of People of Color According to the oxford dictionary, institutional racism is defined as discrimination amongst people of a certain race that society becomes to see as normal. Looking back at the â€Å"discovering† of America, the history of colonization, slavery, the trail of tears and even Japanese internment camps, anyone not of European(British descent) were always seen and treated as less than. Because so many years have passed, one would think thatRead MoreRacial Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird848 Words   |  4 Pagesyears through the duration of the Great Depression. The Jim Crow laws â€Å"was a system of segregation and discrimination that barred black Americans from a status equal to that of white Americans,† as described by Tsahai Tafari (1). In To Kill a Mockingbird, Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch occasionally acknowledges the social separation between African Americans and Caucasians in Maycomb. The institutional racism justified by the Jim Crow laws includ ed the location of residency separation between white familiesRead MoreOppression Is A Sense Of Being Weighed Down998 Words   |  4 Pages  If you were addressed with a situation of discrimination that you have never dealt with before what would you do? Would you calmly ignore the situation and act like nothing has ever happen; or would you blow things out of proportion? In most situations, the second â€Å"solution† happens simply because not many people are willing to let go when it comes to discrimination. If you were being treated differently, you would be either annoyed or angry at whoever treated you badly. When people are faced withRead MoreReaction to Cars Gay Divorce1019 Words   |  4 PagesRe: Reaction to Card’s â€Å"Gay Divorce† Overview The institutional barriers to legally recognizing same-sex marriage engender a sense of injustice and an unethical violation of a Universal Human Right. While author Card does identify these fallacies and states that the law should not determine which adult unions are legitimate, she posits an unsettling alternative. Suggesting that same-sex marriage should not have been a political issue and proposing the abolition of marriage denies the LGBT communityRead MoreThe Fight For Justice Marks A Long Sequence Of Events Towards Their Freedom1201 Words   |  5 Pagesin America are segregation, discrimination, racism and prejudice. Their fight for justice marks a long sequence of events towards their freedom. Race according to the New Webster’s Dictionary is a division of mankind based on skin color, hair texture, facial make-up etc in a group or class. Racism can be traced back to the beginning of history. It has gone beyond individual discrimination and stretched as far as institu tional racism and linguistic profiling. Institutional racism occurs when racism

Succubus Blues CHAPTER 2 Free Essays

The phone jolted me to consciousness the next morning. Dim, murky light filtered in through my sheer curtains, signifying some freakishly early hour. Around here, however, that amount of light could have indicated anything from sunrise to high noon. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Blues CHAPTER 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now After four rings, I finally deigned to answer, accidentally knocking Aubrey out of the bed. She landed with an indignant mhew and stalked off to clean herself. â€Å"Hello?† † Yo, Kincaid?† â€Å"No.† My response came swift and certain. â€Å"I’m not coming in.† â€Å"You don’t even know I’m going to ask that.† â€Å"Of course I know. There’s no other reason you’d be calling me this early, and I’m not going to do it. It’s my day off, Doug.† Doug, the other assistant manager at my day job, was a pretty nice guy, but he couldn’t keep a poker face – or voice – to save his life. His cool demeanor immediately gave way to desperation. â€Å"Everyone called in sick today, and now we’re strapped. You have to do it.† â€Å"Well, I’m sick too. Believe me, you don’t want me there.† Okay, I wasn’t exactly sick, but I was still sporting a residual afterglow from being with Martin. Mortals would not â€Å"see† it as Duane had per se, but they would sense it and be drawn to it – men and women alike – without even knowing why. My confinement today would prevent any foolish, lovesick behavior. It was very kind of me, really. â€Å"Liar. You’re never sick.† â€Å"Doug, I was already planning on coming back tonight for the signing. If I work a shift today too, I’ll be there all day. That’s sick and twisted.† â€Å"Welcome to my world, babe. We have no alternative, not if you really care about the fate of the store, not if you truly care about our customers and their happiness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You’re losing me, cowboy.† â€Å"So,† he continued, â€Å"the question is, are you going to come here willingly, or do I have to walk over there and drag you out of bed myself? Frankly, I wouldn’t mind the latter.† I did a mental eye roll, chiding myself for the billionth time about living two blocks from work. His rambling about the bookstore’s suffering had been effective, as he’d known it would. I operated under the mistaken belief that the place couldn’t survive without me. â€Å"Well, rather than risk any more of your attempts at witty, sexual banter, I suppose I’ll have to come over there. But Doug†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My voice turned hard. â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Don’t put me on the registers or anything.† I heard hesitation on his end. â€Å"Doug? I’m serious. Not the main registers. I don’t want to be around a lot of customers.† â€Å"All right,† he said at last. â€Å"Not the main registers.† â€Å"Promise?† â€Å"I promise.† A half hour later, I stepped outside my door to walk the two blocks to the bookstore. Long clouds hung low, darkening the sky, and a faint chill touched the air, forcing some of my fellow pedestrians to don a coat. I had opted for none, finding my khaki slacks and brown chenille sweater more than sufficient. The clothing, just like the lip gloss and eyeliner I’d carefully applied this morning, were real; I had not shape-shifted into them. I enjoyed the routine nature of applying cosmetics and matching articles of clothing, though Hugh would have claimed I was just being weird again. Emerald City Books Caf? ¦ was a sprawling establishment, occupying almost a full block in Seattle’s Queen Anne neighborhood. It sat two stories high, with the cafe portion dominating a second-floor corner viewing the Space Needle. A cheerful green awning hung over the main door, protecting those customers waiting for the store to open. I walked around them and entered through a side door, using my staff key. Doug assaulted me before I’d taken two steps inside. â€Å"It’s about time. We†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He paused and did a double-take, reexamining me. â€Å"Wow. You look†¦ really nice today. Did you do something different?† Only a thirty-four-year-old virgin, I thought. â€Å"You’re just imagining things because you’re so happy I’m here to fix your staffing problem. What am I doing? Stock?† â€Å"I, er, no.† Doug struggled to snap out of his haze, still looking me up and down in a way I found disconcerting. His interest in dating me was no secret, nor was my continual rejection. â€Å"Come on, I’ll show you.† â€Å"I told you – â€Å" â€Å"It’s not the main registers,† he promised me. What â€Å"it† turned out to be was the espresso counter in our upstairs cafe. Bookstore staff hardly ever subbed up here, but it wasn’t unheard of. Bruce, the cafe manager, popped up from where he’d been kneeling behind the counter. I often thought Doug and Bruce could be twins in a mixed-race, alternate-reality sort of way. Both had long, scraggly ponytails, and both wore a good deal of flannel in tribute to the grunge era neither had fully recovered from. They differed mainly in their coloring. Doug was Japanese-American, black-haired with flawless skin; Bruce was Mr. Aryan Nation, all blond hair and blue eyes. â€Å"Hey Doug, Georgina,† heralded Bruce. His eyes widened at me. â€Å"Whoa, you look great today.† â€Å"Doug! This is just as bad. I told you I didn’t want any customers.† â€Å"You told me not the main registers. You didn’t say anything about this one.† I opened my mouth to protest, but Bruce interrupted. â€Å"Come on, Georgina, I had Alex call in sick today, and Cindy actually quit.† Seeing my stony expression, he quickly added, â€Å"Our registers are almost identical to yours. It’ll be easy.† â€Å"Besides† – Doug raised his voice to a fair imitation of our manager’s – † ‘assistant managers are supposed to be able to fill in for anybody around here.’ â€Å" â€Å"Yeah, but the cafe – â€Å" † – is still part of the store. Look, I’ve got to go open. Bruce’ll show you what you need to know. Don’t worry, it’ll be fine.† He hastily darted off before I could refuse again. â€Å"Coward!† I yelled after him. â€Å"It really won’t be that bad,† Bruce reiterated, not understanding my dismay. â€Å"You just take the money, and I’ll make the espresso. Let’s practice on you. You want a white chocolate mocha?† â€Å"Yeah,† I conceded. Everyone I worked with knew about that particular vice. I usually managed to take down three of them a day. Mochas that was, not coworkers. Bruce walked me through the necessary steps, showing me how to mark up the cups and find what I needed to push on the register’s touch-screen interface. He was right. It wasn’t so bad. â€Å"You’re a natural,† he assured me later, handing over my mocha. I grunted in response and consumed my caffeine, thinking I could handle anything so long as the mochas kept coming. Besides, this really couldn’t be as bad as the main registers. The cafe probably did no business this time of day. I was wrong. Minutes after opening, we had a line of five people. â€Å"Large latte,† I repeated back to my first customer, carefully punching in the information. â€Å"Already got it,† Bruce told me, starting the beverage before I even had a chance to label the cup. I happily took the woman’s money and moved on to my next order. â€Å"A large skinny mocha.† † Skinny’s just another word for nonfat, Georgina.† I scrawled NF on the cup. No worries. We could do this. The next customer wandered up and stared at me, momentarily bedazzled. Coming to her senses, she shook her head and blurted out a torrent of orders. â€Å"I need one small drip coffee, one large nonfat vanilla latte, one small double cappuccino, and one large decaf latte.† Now I felt bedazzled. How had she remembered all those? And honestly, who ordered drip anymore? On and on the morning went, and despite my misgivings, I soon felt myself perking up and enjoying the experience. I couldn’t help it. It was how I worked, how I carried myself through life. I liked trying new things – even something as banal as ringing up espresso. People could be silly, certainly, but I enjoyed working with the public most of the time. It was how I had ended up in customer service. And once I overcame my sleepiness, my inborn succubus charisma kicked in. I became the star of my own personal stage show, bantering and flirting with ease. When combined with the Martin-induced glamour, I became downright irresistible. While this did result in a number of proffered dates and pickup lines, it also saved me from the repercussions of any mistakes. My customers found no wrong with me. â€Å"That’s all right, dear,† one older woman assured me upon discovering I’d accidentally ordered her a large cinnamon mocha instead of a nonfat, decaf latte. â€Å"I really need to branch out into new drinks anyway.† I smiled back winningly, hoping she wasn’t diabetic. Later on, a guy came up carrying a copy of Seth Mortensen’s The Glasgow Pact. It was the first sign I’d seen of tonight’s momentous event. â€Å"Are you going to the signing?† I asked as I rang up his tea. Bleh. Caffeine-free. He studied me for a pregnant moment, and I braced myself for a pass. Instead the guy said mildly, â€Å"Yeah, I’ll be there.† â€Å"Well, make sure you think up good questions for him. Don’t ask the same ones everyone else does.† â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"Oh, you know, the usual. ‘Where do you get your ideas from?’ and ‘Are Cady and O’Neill ever going to get together?’ â€Å" The guy considered this as I made change. He was cute, in a disheveled sort of way. He had brown hair with a reddish-gold gleam to it, said gleam being more noticeable in the shadow of facial hair crossing his lower face. I couldn’t quite decide if he’d intentionally grown a beard or just forgotten to shave. Whatever it was, it had grown in more or less evenly and, when combined with the Pink Floyd T-shirt he wore, presented the image of a sort of hippie-lumberjack. â€Å"I don’t think the ‘usual questions’ make them any less meaningful to the one doing the asking,† he decided at last, seeming shy about contradicting me. â€Å"To a fan, each question is new and unique.† He stepped aside so I could wait on another customer. I continued the conversation as I took the next order, unwilling to pass up the opportunity to discuss Seth Mortensen intelligently. â€Å"Forget the fans. What about poor Seth Mortensen? He probably wants to impale himself each time he gets one of those.† † ‘Impale’ is kind of a strong word, don’t you think?† â€Å"Absolutely not. The guy’s brilliant. Hearing idiotic questions must bore him to tears.† A bemused smile played across the man’s mouth, and his steady brown eyes weighed me carefully. When he realized he was staring so openly, he glanced away, embarrassed. â€Å"No. If he’s out touring, he cares about his fans. He doesn’t mind the repetitive questions.† â€Å"He’s not out touring for altruism. He’s out touring because the publicists at his publishing house are making him tour,† I countered. â€Å"Which is also a waste of time, by the way.† He dared a look back at me. â€Å"Touring is? You don’t want to meet him?† â€Å"I – well, yes, of course I do. It’s just, that†¦ okay. Look, don’t get me wrong. I worship the ground this guy walks on. I’m excited to meet him tonight. I’m dying to meet him tonight. If he wanted to carry me off and make me his love slave, I’d do it, so long as I got advance copies of his books. But this touring thing†¦ it takes time. Time that would be better spent writing the next book. I mean, haven’t you seen how long his books take to come out?† â€Å"Yeah. I’ve noticed.† Just then, a previous customer returned, complaining he’d gotten caramel syrup instead of caramel sauce. Whatever that meant. I offered a few smiles and sweet apologies, and he soon didn’t care about the caramel sauce or anything else. By the time he left my register, the Mortensen fan guy was gone too. When I finally finished my shift around five, Doug came to meet me. â€Å"I heard some interesting things about your performance up here.† â€Å"I hear interesting things about your ‘performance’ all the time, Doug, but you don’t hear me making jokes about it.† He bandied with me a bit more and finally released me to get ready for the signing, but not before I’d made him humbly acknowledge how much he owed me for my kindness today. Between him and Hugh, I was accruing favors all over the place. I practically ran the two blocks home, anxious to grab some dinner and figure out what I wanted to wear. My exhilaration was growing. In an hour or so, I’d be meeting my all-time favorite author. Could life get any better? Humming to myself, I took the stairs two at a time and produced my keys with a flourish that only I noticed or appreciated. As I opened the door, a hand suddenly grabbed me and pulled me roughly inside, into the darkness of my apartment. I yelped in surprise and fear as I was shoved up against the door, slamming it shut. The lights burst on suddenly and unexpectedly, and the faint smell of sulfur wafted through the air. Although the brightness made me wince, I could see well enough to recognize what was going on. Hell hath no fury like a pissed-off demon. How to cite Succubus Blues CHAPTER 2, Essay examples

Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Law Free Sample

Question: Discussion about the Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Law. Answer: Introduction Concept of Parole Evidence Rule After the late 19th century, classical theorists began to conceive the contracts as a part of private legislation. They considered that even private individuals may get into contracts to put obligations on each other that could be enforced before a court of law. This led to the very assumption that any agreement, which is incomplete in its nature and essence, may not form part of a contract.(Gergen, 2010) This assumption developed the doctrine on indefinites on the basis of which another assumption was drawn and it was concluded that if parties to contract have reduced their obligations in writing then there are clear intentions from them to approach the court in case of dispute. Further, it was assumed that the court must look into the writing part with the aim to clearly determine the obligations set for each of the parties to contract.(Academy Chicago Publishers v Cheever, 1991) This gave assumption gave birth to the concept of Parole Evidence Rule. Significance of the Rule to the Law of Contracts The obligations and situations of the parties are decided as per the agreed and written contract between them. When parties have made a written contract and have consented to it as accurate and complete integration of their thoughts and intentions, then any evidence either parole or otherwise, which may vary or contradict the aim of the contract, cannot be admitted for the purpose of supplying negotiations or understandings to the written contract. This is the parole evidence rule, which specifically aims to bind the parties towards the written and legally enforceable agreement signed between them.(Pitcairn v Philip Hiss Co., 1903) This rule has immense significance as it helps in ensuring that the parties do not turn their backs towards the very obligations agreed as per the contract. Further, the parties are abstained from interpreting or demeaning the clauses of the contract by supplying additional evidence. The rule helps in upholding that no evidence is required to prove any pro vision or clause made under the contract and thereby restricts the parties in taking undue advantage from negative interpretations of supplying additional evidence. The Parole Evidence Rule The Rule The very rule of Parole Evidence restricts or prevents any introduction of evidence relating to contemporaneous or prior negotiations and agreements that might cause any modification or contradiction to the terms and provisions of the written contract. But in such cases, the written contract must be complete and should be based on the intentions of the parties. A contract with a Merger Clause helps in strengthening this presumption that the contract is complete and expresses the intention of the parties in totality.(JEC, 2016) Prior to ensuring applicability of the parole evidence rule, the following questions must be considered by the court:(Corbin, 1944) Whether a contract is made between the parties? Whether by way of illegality, mistake, fraud, or other relevant reasons, there exists any possibility of the contract being rendered void or voidable? Whether the parties have assented to a particular document or writing to be integrated to the complete and accurate contract agreed between them? On the basis of the conclusions of the above questions, the court must decide whether the rule of parole evidence should be implemented in the context and situation of the case at hand or not. However, it is not necessary that while determining any of the above issues, the bench must be simple minded or gullible. The present question concerns the weight of evidence rather admissibility.(Zell v American Seating Co.,, 1943) In Childs v South Jersey Amusement Co., (1923), the Court stated that the rule of parole evidence is not required to be justified by citing myriads of case. It is well established that if the parties have agreed to the terms stated in the contract by reducing such agreement to writing, then they cannot vary or contradict such terms by submitting additional proofs including agreements and negotiations. Exceptions to the Rule The rule of parole evidence is strict and thereby creates various hardships for both parties as well as the courts. Considering the same, the court has identified and established are six exceptions to the general rule of parole evidence, which have been detailed in the below paragraphs. These exceptions state that certain evidence may be considered by the court in addition to the written contract. The following evidence may be considered:(Mohamed Mohamed, 2014) First Exception states that evidence may be allowed that shows either the trade usage or custom to be a part of the contract even when not expressly included in the underlying terms of the contract. This rule is valid in relation to contracts of commercial transactions. The examples include: A Stock exchanges dealing and a transaction of betting on racecourse with a registered dealer. In such cases the contract is valid but there may be encryption in regards the written evidence. In the Hutton v. Warrens case, (1836), the court stated that in regards to well entrenched and accepted trade and custom it is presumed that they shall apply unless otherwise proved by the other party. Thus if a trade usage or custom exists that has not been incorporated within the terms of contract, it shall be considered irrespective of the rule of parole evidence. Second Exception states that if there exists any verbal agreement, which is a condition precedent and the basis of the written contract such that it is crucial for the operation of such written agreement, then evidence proving the same shall be admissible before the courts. In Pym v Cambell, (1856), this exception has been relied by the courts where the court allowed a verbal condition to be adduced as evidence and stated that until fulfilment of such a condition the written contract could not be enforced. It may appear from the contract that it is well concluded between the parties to be enforced but the courts may admit some previously agreed extrinsic evidence that proves that the contract may not be enforced until the fulfilment of certain condition. For example: such condition may be by the approval of consent of party, or happening or non-happening of a future event. Third Exception- if the claimant if able to prove that the written agreement does not include all the essential terms to the that were agreed between the parties, then certain missed out oral evidence or terms may be allowed by the court. For this exception to apply, the courts must first determine whether the contract is fully concluded and includes all the relevant and other terms required in the contract. Since, the party who relies on an oral term is basically trying to prove that the contract is partly written and partly oral. This exception was implemented in Van Den Esschert v Chappell (1960), where the court stated that the oral agreement was relevant to the contract which was breached by the vendor who must compensate the other party. It is required to be highly alert while implementing this exception and the factors include time and relative importance must be considered in this regard. Fourth Exception states that if there lies any ambiguity in the written terms of the contract then oral evidence may be required to eliminate any such ambiguity. Fifth Exception states that if from the written contract it clearly seems that there exists a mistake then oral evidence for rectifying the said mistake may be allowed by the courts. This exception ensures that the vulnerable party does not lose pertaining to the mistake in the basic terms of the contract and it gets a chance for the rectification of mistakes under the parole evidence rule. For example: In cases, where the other party alleges any type of fraud or mistake, then the court may consider extrinsic evidence as admissible. In Janardan v Venkatesh, (1939), the court held that when there exists a mistake either in fact or law while determining and executing the terms of written contract and when such mistake exists for all the parties to contract, then evidence to rectify the mistake will be considered. Sixth Exception states that in cases where the written contract is unable to establish or identify its parties, then the oral evidence will be used to ensure identification and impose obligations on the contracting parties. For example: if a contract is between an unregistered company or a company has negotiated a contract in lieu of pending registration. Then in such cases, the court may consider the proof of registration to establish the parties to contract. In the case of Gilberto v Kenny, (1983), the court stated that to prove the identity of the purchaser, extrinsic evidence may be considered so as to find out that whether the purchaser was acting solely for itself or also as the agent of her husband. Implication of the Rule For the above analysis of the exceptions, it becomes clear that the rule if applicable to wide arena of cases but may be excluded by taking shield of any of the valid exceptions or ensuring that the additional evidence is important to do justice to the parties. This section focuses on analysing the practical application of the parole evidence rule. Practical Application of the Rule The rule of Parole Evidence is always applied in the context of Australian Laws unless the claimant is successful in proving that the written contract is not capable of considering complete intentions of the parties. (Gordon v McGregor, 1909) The general presumption of the courts in case of a written contract, which includes all relevant terms to the contract, is that no type of evidence may be added at a later stage, which may vary the terms of the contract. (Mercantile Bank of Sydney v Taylor 317 A.C., 1893). Various authors have found that the implementation of this rule is comparatively less severe than what the actual rule appears to be. Consequent to this, various exceptions have been admitted by the Australian courts relying on the pattern of England courts but also maintaining certain differences. For example: in England the exception relating to subsequent conduct between the parties will be a weak exception to use to interpret the prior written and agreed contract. However, the Australian courts have agreed to the exception of ulterior behaviour between the contractual parties for the purpose of elucidating the vague or ambiguous terms of the contract. The legal stand of this exception relation to subsequent conduct has been varied as per the opinions of the court. It has been agreed in Air Great Lakes Pty. Ltd. v K. S. Easter (Holding) Pty. Ltd., (1985) and Farmer v Honan, (1919). But finally the Supreme Court in FAI Traders Insurance Company v Savoy Plaza Pty. Limited, (1993) re solved the conflict and stated that the law does not permit any degree of reliance in cases concerning subsequent conduct. Further, in regards to the application of this rule it is pertinent to note that Australia is a signatory and has ratified to the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods or CISG. However, considering the implementing of various legal traditions identified within the Convention, the Australian Courts have been witnessed to be incompatible to the application as required under the CISG. The incompatibility came during the case of South Sydney Rugby League v News Ltd., (2000), wherein the Court discussed the implications of the terms of contract on the basis of imputed or presumed intention between the parties. The court observed that not every Legislature State and Territory within the country is deterred to enact the provisions of CISG within their domestic laws. (Zuppi, 2007) Conclusion The rule of parole evidence has existed since history in the law of contract to ensure that a contract whose terms are agreed by the parties and suit their intentions, then such terms would be relied by the court and no additional or extra evidence may be adduced to interpret the terms of the contract. This rule helps in restricting the parties to the agreed terms of the contract so as to ensure that with changing circumstances the parties are not changing, otherwise it will vitiate the very existence of the contract. However, in certain cases the rule has been relaxed to ensure justice to the vulnerable parties whose interest may be defeated under the shield of parole evidence rule. References Academy Chicago Publishers v Cheever (1991) N.E. 2d 981. Corbin, A., 1944. The Parol Evidence Rule. Yale School Legal Scholarship Repository, 603-665. Gergen, M. P., 2010. Ango- American Contract and Torts, l.: Uni-goettingen. JEC, 2016. The Parol Evidence Rule. [Online] Available at: https://jec.unm.edu/education/online-training/contract-law-tutorial/the-parol-evidence-rule Mohamed, M. A. S. Mohamed, A. A. A., 2014. A Critical Appraisal of the Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Law. Istanbul, OCERINT, pp. 865-872. Pitcairn v Philip Hiss Co. (1903) 110 Fed. 125. Zell v American Seating Co., (1943) 641 F.2d 138. Zuppi, A. L., 2007. The PArole EVidence Rule: A Comparative Study of the Common Law, The Civil Law Tradition, and Lex Mercatoria. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 233-276. Childs v South Jersey Amusement Co., (1923) 122 Atl. 803. Hutton v. Warrens case, (1836) 1 MW 466. Pym v Cambell, (1856) 119 ER 903. Van Den Esschert v Chappell, (1960) WAR 114. Janardan v Venkatesh, (1939) AIR Bom 151. Gilberto v Kenny, (1983) 48 CLR 620. Gordon v McGregor, (1909) 9 CLR 316. Mercantile Bank of Sydney v Taylor, (1893) A.C. 317. Air Great Lakes Pty. Ltd. v K. S. Easter (Holding) Pty. Ltd., (1985) 2 N.S.W.L.R. 309 Farmer v Honan, (1919) 26 C.L.R. 183 FAI Traders Insurance Company v Savoy Plaza Pty. Limited, (1993) 2 V. R. 343 South Sydney Rugby League v News Ltd., (2000) F.C.A. 1541

The Quotation We Are The Cause Of Our Own Obstacles, By

The quotation We are the cause of our own obstacles, by Meister Eckhart is very representative of how life is. The quotation means that the problems in ones life are caused by that persons actions. I partially belief this statement because I belief that yes, your actions affect you, they also affect other people as well, causing problems for them that they did not bring on themselves. If I decide to put a coin on a railroad track, when the train comes it will derail. Sure I may go to jail for my actions which shows that I brought the trouble to myself, but it also affects the people who were on the train. It was not their fault that I put the coin on the track and because of me, I possibly killed or hurt many people. In this example, I have caused some minor obstacles for myself, but have caused monumental obstacles for the people riding the train and also their family and relatives. Arthur Miller illustrates this interpretation of the quotation in All My Sons. In this play, Joe Keller ships some cracked cylinder heads during the war and they are placed in some planes. The planes crash and kill twenty-one men. Joe Keller does go to jail for a little but he is set free because he was not at the shop when the heads were shipped. Instead he had his partner, Steve Deever, send the cylinder heads and Joe stayed home to maintain an alibi. Steve, however, is punished much more severely. He was charged with the crime and was sent to prison because he was the actual one who gave the order. This shows how Joe Keller's actions didnt really effect him much. It affected all the ones who were killed and their families. It also affected Steve Deever and his family. In the process of punishing others with his actions, Joe also affected his son Larry. Larry couldnt belief what his father had done. To punish his father and make him see what he had done wrong, Larry kills himself. This action shows Joe the error in what he did. He finally realizes that there is more in life than family and money. He realizes that his actions killed his son and many other peoples sons. Therefore Joe sees that his responsibility to his country and society makes all the boys that died all his sons. Sure, he was my son. But I think to him they were all my sons. After realizing the damage he has caused Joe cannot deal with his tremendous guilt. He commits suicide, once again not dealing with the problem but causing problems for other people as Joes family must now cope with the death of Larry and Joe. In this play Arthur Miller uses several literary elements to present the story. He provides the basic theme that there are things bigger than family. He uses extreme cases of irony to prove this. When Joe says, If Larry was alive he wouldnt act like this. He understood the way the world is made. He listened to me. To him the world had a forty-foot front, it ended at the building line. This is ironic because Larry doesnt understand Joes actions. He instead sacrifices himself to show Joe the error in his ways. Its also very ironic when Joe says, Thats the only way you lick em is guts! because Joe has no guts. Even in the way he dies he does not have the guts to do the right thing. The author also uses foreshadowing as a preamble of what is gonna happen. Theres nothin he could do that I wouldnt forgive. Because hes my son. Because Im his father and hes my sonNothins bigger than that. And youre goin to tell him, you understand? Im his father and hes my son, and if theres something bigg er than that Ill put a bullet in my head! In conclusion, All My Sons is the perfect illustration of my opinion that ones actions affect everyone including yourself. This work installs the view that ones actions influence more than one person and that ones responsibility to society requires that person to think unselfishly to

Nelly McClung essays

Nelly McClung essays "She was spirited, she was amazing, she was effective," a few commonly used words to describe Nellie McClung. She was a petit, pretty westerner with strong Christian values and a heart of gold. Nellie spent most of her life as a wife, mother, midwife, teacher, lecturer, legislator and writer. Throughout her long, diverse career she was a potent influence on Canadian society. From a young age Nellie was advanced far beyond her years. She read every book she could get a hold of, knew women should be treated as equals, and that she was against liquor. Nellie knew women deserved more rights and that someday she would devote her life to enforce those rights through activism and literature. "Women are going to form a chain, a greater sisterhood than the world has ever known." While maintaining the role of a mother and writer Nellie was a strong and influential temperance worker and suffragist. Nellie had a devotion to the significance of family life. As a teen Nellie was taught that a woman couldn't be a mother and a wife and have a career, and she chose a career. "A woman had to decide early between ambition and family life: there was not so much as a hint that one might hope for both." While teaching she boarded in with a Pastor and his Family and that is where she met Wes McClung. From the moment she met him she knew he would be her husband. After dating for a while the two got married in 1896. She said it was the best choice she had made. At that point she gave up teaching and learned how to cook and be a wife since a lady wasn't allowed to be married and a teacher back then. By 1901 Nellie had three kids and motherhood suited her well. Nellie was the typical mother. She spent her days cleaning, baking, taking care of her children and entertaining her neighbours, but that wasn't enough for Nellie. I guess I felt like a lot of young mothers, that all children of the world were now my children...I wanted to do som...

The Math 101 Course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Math 101 Course - Essay Example I had always been a little apprehensive about studying Math. However, I found the Math 101 course specifically designed to cater to students like me. All the concepts were explained clearly and in a simple manner so that I could understand them well. This course has given me a strong foundation in basic math such that I am able to understand and appreciate various mathematical concepts in a wider perspective. I therefore feel more confident about the subject now.Looking back, I feel that my learning was initially clouded by the apprehension I had regarding the subject. However, as I attended the classes, I gained confidence and was able to understand various concepts like curve sketching, linear equations, matrices, numerical sets and exponential and logarithmic functions. I also feel that if I had spent more time practicing some of the concepts like exponential and logarithmic functions and linear equations, I would have been able to perform better in the course.Regarding the topics that were covered in this course, I found two topics - linear equations and exponential and logarithmic functions – a little difficult to understand. I would suggest using additional problem solving exercises and application exercises to improve this course material.Since I have overcome my initial anxiety about studying math and my performance in this class has been much better than I expected, I feel more confident on the subject. I feel that I have achieved all the course objectives that were listed in the course syllabus. Completing this course has given me the confidence to assess and interpret results in real world situations. I feel that the knowledge I have gained through this course will help me in effective decision making and develop good written communication skills while working in collaboration with others in a professional scenario.

THE EARLY REPUBLIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE EARLY REPUBLIC - Essay Example Then there was the end of the war, and finally the Revolution with everything being left for the citizens to control1. Our struggles eventually bore fruits. Thereafter, several things changed in terms of the economic, social and political lives of our people; not just considerably but immensely. For a start, we now have our social freedom with us, something that was barely evident in the times of the colonial government. The peaceful coexistence evident between the natives was not something to talk about. Instead, there were colonially steered wrangles with the colonial government engineering wars between different kinsmen all to their benefit. Living together as a family without worries of being summoned to join the military is yet another achievement we cannot underestimate. Indigenous warriors would go as far as Fort Duquesne leaving behind wives and children in desolation. The social recognition the citizens enjoy right now is yet another achievement that cannot be taken for granted. To the colonialists, we were just elements of war and bridges to their unending endeavors. Secondly, we now have a grip of our economy; something that was beyond our reach back then. This very land we cultivate testifies to that. We can bravely produce our food crops without having to work on the British plantations. Most importantly, we now have land titles as opposed to the temporary land ownership that the colonialists bequeathed as after successful conquests. They would later come back to drive out the natives through devastating raids. The flourishing trade our kinsmen enjoy locally and beyond the regional borders is yet another dream come true. Back then, most Ohioans who ventured in business were small scale shopkeepers who only supplied local products. Moreover, we can boast of political freedom at this particular moment; one of the

Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Strategy - Essay Example This strategy is very effective since it will help to attract more students who may be inspired to join it. The responsible authority ought to use specially designed websites in order to present itself to the general public. Aspiring students can easily access any information about the university from the internet which can make it relatively easy for them to make informed choices. This can also help them to communicate with the responsible authorities so that they can get the information they may require about the institution. Communication is essential since it helps to bridge the gap between the aspiring students and the responsible authorities at the university. Other types of marketing communication strategies such as print media as well as television can also be used to advertise the marketing program offered by the university so as to be able to attract many students. The programs offered by the university can also be categorised into different groups in order to attract stude nts to a particular area of study. In this case, attracting a student to study a marketing degree program as a major requires a holistic approach by the institution. Efforts should be made to portray the strengths of the degree program. For instance, the marketing degree program is unique in that it encompasses courses that are not offered by any other institution in the area. ... This gives it a competitive advantage and it can only be achieved through the use of competent people with strong knowledge in marketing related areas. This is where Qatar University comes in handy since it offers a unique marketing degree program. The other advantage for enrolling for a marketing degree at Qatar University is that this program is flexible. It allows the student to select the courses they desire to study on their own, there are compulsory as a well as optional course where the students are given the opportunity to decide their workload. This gives them flexibility to effectively manage their studies since they make their own choices without any pressure. This also helps the student to plan his or her academic activities for the semester which can contribute to the success of that person in his or her studies. The student also has the opportunity to pursue other extracurricular activities at university since this program is quite flexible. This also helps to promote p sychological as well as physical development of the student such that he is prepared for the broad job market. A student studying marketing is also flexible to do other elective modules that are related to the main area of study which also helps to generate more knowledge in the marketing related field. The cost of the program is also relatively cheaper compared to the other institution. There is every reason to enrol for marketing program as a major at Qatar University given that it is affordable compared to the prices that are charged by other institutions in the region. There are different payment methods that are used to register for the marketing major program. The tuition fees can be paid in instalments over a certain period and

Challenges and Influences on The Salvation Army

Challenges and Influences on The Salvation Army THE SALVATION ARMY Introduction Background Hi, this assessment unit is 27763 about Analyze the impacts of influences and assesses their consequences for an organisation. The nonprofit Maori organization I have chosen is The Salvation Army. This organization has overcome poverty and spiritual pain in New Zealand. Its been helping more than 120,000 families and individuals in need each year-with budgeting advice, food and clothing assistance, life skills programs and other comfort and support. We are committed to our mission of caring for people, transforming lives and reforming society. Full-time officers and employees, along with soldiers (church members) who volunteer their skills and expertise, provide their social and church-based services. Our Army has over 3000 officers and employees in New Zealand, Fiji and Tonga and is recognized as a high value employer. Our Army is a registered charity under the Charities Act 2005, registered number CC37312. This means we are freed from income tax. We are giving quality care and supp ort for needy people in their own homes. Influences: Â   Â   Internal Influences- i) Skills Skills are one of the important factors of an organization. We have highly trained and professional staff members providing their best efforts where needed with their skills. As it is a helping organization, we create a healthy and helping atmosphere in the organization if we are or not at work. We provide valuable skills through its unique training, employment and support services centers. ii) Staff Our army staff officers have worked as missionaries in many countries. Most recently, our army officers set up corps in Fiji since 1973 and Tonga in 1986. We have a large number of trained and experienced staff from different parts of world which shows the talent and co-operation among our staff. iii) Structure Our administrative structure of The Salvation Army can best be described by following diagram. iv) System We are updated to the new ways and technology which is affordable and beneficial for our purpose and goals. We know that we have to be always ready for any emergency for good running of the organization so we always the new technology, machines, staff according to our need. v) Shared values We are the best examples of the shared values. All Salvation Army worship services are open to everyone. We affirm that racial and multicultural combination of believers is desirable and reasonable. Faith in Christ Jesus is what makes each person equal with each other, whether a person is a Jew or a Greek, a slave or a free person, a man or a woman. The Salvation Army is intentional in its efforts to incorporate different styles of worship to meet the specific needs of its increasingly diverse organizations. External Influences: vi) Social Our programs of social work among the homeless, unemployed, addicted and other needy people were the most visible aspect of its work in the 21st century. Moving away from our earlier, strongly independent attitude, our Army worked closely with government agencies and other organizations. We also addressed the causes as well as the effects of social hardship, and regularly advised and pushed the government on policies that affect the most weak in society. Recently, the Salvation Army gave their contribution in Nepal Earthquake and did a good job working three days in Nepal after the disaster. vii) Economic Now talking about the economic, we are well known for our economic contribution to the economy by network of Thrift Stores or Charity Shops, which raise money for its rehabilitation programs by selling donated used items such as clothing, housewares and toys. The Salvation Army has a history of free therapy from alcohol and drug abuse. Thrift stores provide the revenue to run the Adult Rehabilitation Centers known as ARCs. The ARCs, found in many global locations, are work and Bible-based operating with the 12-step program, and offer residential facilities which helps in economic condition of the country. viii) Political Moreover, talking about the politics, as an international Christian church and charitable organization, we work within a wide variety of political and social backgrounds. We are not supported by political parties. Although it pursues to influence governmental and public affairs, it will not promote or approve specific candidates or political parties. ix) Technological In extent to this talking about the technological factors, we have improved business processes including the management of finance, supply chain, asset and property management not only to overcome fragmentation of information but also to speed up the flow of information. Now, passersby can donate not only to the traditional workers with bells and buckets, but they can also swipe their credit cards, or simply enter their card information on a volunteers phone. Salvationists would receive Android smartphones donated by Sprint, outfitted with the square mobile card reader, and contributors can donate directly to the Armys account. x) Legal We are legally registered and secured and we are not interfered by any political parties so we do not have any worries about any issue if we keep on doing our job like we are doing now. xi) Environment In contribution to environment. The implications of our Environmental use of natural resources on current and future generations has to be considered and action taken to report this. The consequences of such use often have a greater impact on poorer nations, resulting in increased poverty. Furthermore, we are Promoting and resourcing work to minimize any negative environmental impact of its activities, Aligning work to the wider sustainability plan, The use of ethically sourced goods wherever possible, Reducing waste and increasing recycling. Impacts Opportunities Opportunities for the skills will be the new ideas for projects like positive lifestyle programme, parenting programs and surveys. We will give a rise to our staff by giving them bonus when they do a great job and promotions wherever needed. Moreover, salary is increased after every 6 months. This will be the opportunity for our staff. Our skills are the main key of our healthy running organization because we are doing our best with our skills for the organization. Our experienced and trained staff do their best where they are needed by their abilities. Our organizational structure and distribution of jobs is organized in the best manner by our Human Resource Management team. Our systems are up to date and it is helping the organisation by their proper use. We have an experienced multicultural staff from different parts of world in the organization which creates a positive environment in the staff to work smoothly without any discrimination and it makes a peaceful environment. We are not politically being interfered so we do not have any issues with politics. We are economically contributing in the economy by our mission and work done by us. We are socially attached and understand the conditions of needy persons so we are a socially reputed organisation. We always adopt the new technology in our use which helps us as well as the person we are helping so it is a good symbol for us. We are legally registered and secured so we do not have any worries about any issue if we keep on doing our job like we are doing now. We are environmentally helpful because we do not use or do any work which harms the environment so we are eco-friendly. These are the opportunities for our healthy running organization. Threats If an employees relation is not good with staff or feel insecure he/she might be able to case a file of physical/sexual/mental harassment or can do strikes and can disturb the confidentiality of the organisation. Sometimes there is hidden racism or partiality takes place in the working environment of the organization and it leads to the bad atmosphere within the organization and it will take the organization downwards and its the main impact on our shared values. As we all know, human does not have control on nature, so if anything goes wrong like earthquake, tsunami, and storm so we cannot do anything in that case, so it is a natural threat. People are what we working for, but sometimes we dont know what people want and think about us, so we can get negative feedback about us or may give us a negative response. We are legally approved working organization on a large scale, in case in future if there are some legal rules regulation changes that can be a major threat. As we are worki ng in a nonprofit organization with the latest use of technology, in future there might be some heavy technological change which we cannot afford easily or make in use of our organization then it will be a threat. We are politically not interfered by the politics or politicians but as we are working best on our goals, some political parties or politicians may get jealous of us or may not want to see our organization rising, they may be able to do some things which can make a bad issue against our organization. As we are contributing towards the growth of the economy and organization as well, there can be some changes in the tax rates or the policies which may not be in the favor of the organization. Consequences Skills are leading to the growth and development of the organization as well as the goodwill of the organisation by adopting new programs, projects and surveys. Our staff is now more comfortable while working with the new policies in favor of them by increasing their pay rate, and promotions. Now there is a positive atmosphere within the staff while their working hours. Our organisational structure is organized in a matter that makes our organisation a strong healthy working organisation. Our system is upgraded that it makes our organisation more advance and reachable wherever we are needed. Now we have more record of data and we are known where we are needed. Our shared values are very strong and our staff is proactive and they believe that they now have more knowledge of culture and talents of other parts of the world from their colleagues working together with them. We have no negative relations with the political parties as we are not politically interfered. Now we are economical ly highly strong that we have enough resources and assets for us. Our technological factors and our systems are so advanced that it is being the most helpful and giving a push to the organisation for its organisational work. As we are an environmental friendly organisation, we have contributed for some good causes for the organisation and we have achieved some honorable awards with our good work. As a result, we are working towards our goals in the best way and we are getting the positive results for that. Recommendations I recommend that we should always keep doing some efforts like surveys, seminars so that it will improve our organisational skills. Organisation should keep on hiring new talent and staff according to the need and changes in the organisation and when old staff which is no longer available to work should be retired with honor. For system, I recommend that there should not be any unawareness about the new systems as we have to be updated with our day to day operations. Our shared values should be same as present as our staff is working in a positive atmosphere and it is further needed in our organisation. We should not do any activity or take any step which makes us politically interfered in future so we have to be aware about that. There should not be any misuse or theft in the organisational money inside or outside the organisation as all the employees are getting reasonable pay for their work. For technology, there should not be any misuse or theft in the organisation of any technol ogical equipment and soft wares. I recommend that there should be more CCTV cameras and security options for the internal organisation. As we are doing well, we need to keep that carry on by not doing any illegal work by which our organisation have to face problems in the future. We need to be more careful about the environmental contribution because it the environment is good then we will be able to work otherwise not. References www.salvationarmy.org.nz www.educationandemployment.co.org www.wikipedia.com

Anxiety And Depression In Afro-americans :: essays research papers fc

Anxiety And Depression In Afro-Americans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A major cause of mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety in individuals is stress. Defined stress is an internal response caused by the application of a stressor or anything that requires coping behaviour. For example the pressure of a job, supporting a family or getting an education are stressors that can result in depression and anxiety. Individuals and groups that have numerous resources or other coping mechanisms are better suited for coping with stress than are those who lack such resources. As a result, social and economic circumstances in North America suggest that the black and Latino communities have a higher risk for developing mental disorders than does the non-black make up of the United States. Hence this paper will attempt to demonstrate how due to socio-economic differences such as money, racism and increased exposure to violence, blacks have a greater chance to develop mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Some definitions: Stress, Depression & Anxiety   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stress is everywhere in our lives and it can be found in two forms. The life of Afro-Americans is filled with both eustress and distress, but it is the high rate of distress due to socio-economic circumstances that are responsible for higher rates of depression and anxiety amongst them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depression is an emotional state characterized by extreme sadness, gloomy ruminations, feelings of worthlessness, loss of hope, and often apprehension, while anxiety is a generalized feeling of fear and apprehension. The number of reported cases combining both depression and anxiety with Afro- Americans has dramatically increased since the civil rights movement, when scientists began recording such causal relationships. In addition, statistics show that the rate of violence demonstrates a positive relationship of mental health disorders within the black community. Studies by Bell, Dixie-Bell and Thompson show that Afro-Americans have a 36% higher chance of developing depression than do non-blacks (Bell, Dixie-Bell, & Thompson, p.53). It is felt that a portion of these results can be attributed to the high incidence of violence and exposure within the black community. Economic Distress   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poverty and unemployment are rampant in Afro-American communities in the United States. Approximately 65% of the black community in the U.S. live in poverty or are unemployed (Bell et al., p.53). In comparison to other ethnic groups, this is the highest rate with the exception of the Latino community at 68.7%. The closest group above the blacks are the Chinese at 35%. Not only are most blacks poor and unemployed but, the future does not look promising in terms of job opportunities for Afro-Americans. This rampant spread of poverty within the black community causes great distress within the family unit.

Coming full circle Essay

You could almost say that Leadership, the US Army, the Quality Circle (Editors, 2007), and the Baldrige Criteria (Commerce, 2006) have a shared history: Having established above the importance of leadership in all aspects of life in that it is found in the military as well as in the civilian: business even in the spiritual (servant-leadership) or religious—it was the US Army which took the lead in the formation of â€Å"quality circles† during the Second World War in the 1940s to ensure that the US produce large quantities of war materiel of best quality (Anonymous, 2002). It even took a US Professor, W.Edwards Deming (Editors, 2007), of Western culture, to teach the Japanese, of Eastern culture, to this concept of â€Å"quality circles† (Anonymous, 2002; Editors, 2007; Jarvis, 2006; Swinton, 2007), catapulting Japan slowly but surely to Asian world power status and endearing Prof. Deming to the Japanese who honored him with a prestigious award after his name, the Deming Award. Faced with slack economic progress in the 1970s, the US government set up the Baldrige Criteria/Awards to catch up and to try to lead again in the world’s industries (Commerce, 2001, , 2005, , 2006, , 2007a, , 2007b, , 2007c). In effect, it cannot be avoided if the Baldrige Awards is compared with the Deming Award in Japan. All things besides, the Baldrige Criteria attempts to accurately measure those seven (7) identified aspects (more about later) which contribute to organizational success. Even this year 2007 (Commerce, 2007b), many modifications have been in place in the Baldrige Criteria to keep up with new challenges met, showing how dynamic the Baldrige Method is. It now took the Employer Support for the Guard and Reserve ESGR (E. S. G. R., 2007), a US Department of Defense agency working for the US Armed Forces to take the lead in possibly showing other applications of readily available Baldrige Criteria raw scores. Statement of the Thesis Problem Attempting to prove that when Leadership Scores Category are high as measured by the Baldrige Criteria, then the other six (6) Category areas measure high as well, such as Strategic Planning; Customer and Market Focus; Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Measurement; Human Resource Focus; Process Management; and Business Results and to show a correlation as such. Hypotheses Hypotheses to be tested: 1. Leadership scores category are significantly correlated with the scores of the other six category areas. 2. Significant multiple regression equation exists between leadership scores (Y, dependent variable) and the scores of the six category areas (X, independent variables). Objectives of the Thesis 1. To determine the difference between Leaders (or Senior Leaders) and Others (or Junior Leaders) using performance excellence criteria of the Baldrige framework. 2. To determine which of the different concerns contribute to leadership. Materials and Methods The Survey Data Provider The set of raw data used as the primary research of this paper provided the basis for the Report (Peacock, 2006) submitted by Gartman and Associates, a Baldrige-accredited contractor duly authorized to conduct the Baldrige survey using the 2006 Baldrige Criteria as the framework. This criterion is the de facto criteria of performance excellence used globally by manufacturing, service, small business, health care, education, and nonprofit/government for improving organizational performance. The criteria has seven focus areas: Leadership; Strategic Planning; Customer and Market Focus; Measurement, Analysis, and Knowledge Management; Human Resources Focus; Process Management; and Business Results. The Survey Date and the Target Institution. During the week of 4 through 8 December 2006, Gartman and Associates performed a high-level, initial â€Å"quick look† assessment of the National Committee for Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve, ESGR (E. S. G. R. , 2007). Employer Support for the Guard and Reserve (ESGR) is a Department of Defense (DoD) organization of the United States of America (USA). It is a staff group within the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs (OASD/RA), which is in itself a part of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. The nation’s Reserve components, referring to the total of all National Guard members and Reserve forces from all branches of the military, (Laurent, 2006) comprise approximately 46 percent of the total available military manpower of the USA’s Armed Forces . The current National Defense Strategy indicates that the National Guard and Reserve will be full partners in the fully integrated Total Force. The USA Reserve Forces will spend more time away from the workplace defending the nation, supporting a demanding operations tempo and training, take note, to maintain their mission readiness. In this environment, civilian employers play a critical role in the defense of the nation by complying with existing employment laws protecting the rights of workers who serve in the Reserve component. ESGR was established in 1972 to promote cooperation and understanding between Reserve component members and their civilian employers and to assist in the resolution of conflicts arising from an employee’s military commitment. ESGR is the lead DoD organization for this mission under DoD Directive 1250. 1.

HMS Queen Mary at the Battle of Jutland

HMS Queen Mary at the Battle of Jutland HMS Queen Mary was a British battlecruiser that entered service in 1913. The last battlecruiser completed for the Royal Navy prior to World War I, it saw action during the early engagements of the conflict. Sailing with the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, Queen Mary was lost at the Battle of Jutland in May 1916. HMS Queen Mary Nation:  Great BritainType:  BattlecruiserShipyard:  Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron CompanyLaid Down:  March 6, 1911Launched:  March 20, 1912Commissioned:  September 4, 1913Fate:  Sunk at the Battle of Jutland, May 31, 1916 Specifications Displacement:  27,200 tonsLength:  703 ft., 6 in.Beam:  89 ft., 0.5 in.Draft:  32 ft., 4 in.Propulsion:  Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, 42 Yarrow boilers, 4 x propellersSpeed:  28 knotsRange:  6,460 miles at 10 knotsComplement:  1,275 men Armament 4 Ãâ€" 2 – BL 13.5-inch Mk V guns16 Ãâ€" 1 – BL 4-inch Mk VII guns2 Ãâ€" 1 – 21-inch Mk II submerged torpedo tubes Background On October 21, 1904, Admiral John Jackie Fisher became First Sea Lord at the behest of King Edward VII. Tasked with reducing expenditures and modernizing the Royal Navy, he also began advocating for all big gun battleships. Moving forward with this initiative, Fisher had the revolutionary HMS Dreadnought built two years later. Featuring ten 12-in. guns, Dreadnought instantly made all existing battleships obsolete. Fisher next desired to support this class of battleship with a new type of cruiser that sacrificed armor for speed. Dubbed battlecruisers, the first of this new class, HMS Invincible, was laid down in April 1906. It was Fishers vision that battlecruisers would conduct reconnaissance, support the battle fleet, protect commerce, and pursue a defeated enemy. Over the next eight years, several battlecruisers were constructed by both the Royal Navy and the German Kaiserliche Marine. Design Ordered as part of the 1910–11 Naval Program along with four King George V-class battleships, HMS Queen Mary was to be the sole ship of its class. A follow-on to the earlier Lion-class, the new ship featured an altered interior arrangement, a redistribution of its secondary armament, and a longer hull than its predecessors. Armed with eight 13.5 in. guns in four twin turrets, the battlecruiser also carried sixteen 4 in. guns mounted in casemates. The ships armament received direction from an experimental fire-control system designed by Arthur Pollen. Queen Marys armor scheme varied little from the Lions and was thickest amidships. At the waterline, between B and X turrets, the ship was protected by 9 Krupp cemented armor.   This thinned moving towards the bow and stern. An upper belt of reached a thickness of 6 over the same length. Armor for the turrets consisted of 9 on the front and sides and varied from 2.5 to 3.25 on the roofs. The battlecruisers conning tower was protected by 10 on the sides and 3 on the roof. Additionally, Queen Marys armored citadel was closed off by 4 transverse bulkheads. Power for the new design came from two paired sets of Parsons direct-drive turbines which turned four propellers. While the outboard propellers were turned by high-pressure turbines, the inner propellers were turned by low-pressure turbines. In a change from other British ships since Dreadnought, which had positioned the officers quarters near their action stations amidships, Queen Mary saw them returned to their traditional location in the stern. As a result, it was it the first British battlecruiser to possess a sternwalk. Construction Laid down on March 6, 1911 at Palmer Shipbuilding and Iron Company in Jarrow, the new battlecruiser was named for King George Vs wife, Mary of Teck. Work progressed over the next year and Queen Mary slid down the ways on March 20, 1912, with Lady Alexandrina Vane-Tempest serving as the Queens representative. Initial work on the battlecruiser ended in May 1913 and sea trials were conducted through June. Though Queen Mary utilized more powerful turbines than earlier battlecruisers, it only barely exceeded its design speed of 28 knots. Returning to the yard for final alterations, Queen Mary came under the command of Captain Reginald Hall. With the completion of the ship, it entered commission on September 4, 1913. World War I Assigned to Vice Admiral David Beattys 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, Queen Mary commenced operations in the North Sea. The following spring saw the battlecruiser make a port call at Brest before a voyage to Russia in June. In August, with Britains entry into World War I, Queen Mary and its consorts prepared for combat. On August 28, 1914, the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron sortied in support of a raid on the German coast by British light cruisers and destroyers. In the early fighting during the Battle of Heligoland Bight, British forces had difficulty disengaging and the light cruiser HMS Arethusa was crippled. Under fire from the light cruisers SMS Strassburg and SMS Cà ¶ln, it called for aid from Beatty. Steaming to the rescue, his battlecruisers, including Queen Mary, sank Cà ¶ln and the light cruiser SMS Ariadne before covering the British withdrawal. Refit That December, Queen Mary took part in Beattys attempt to ambush German naval forces as they conducted a raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby. In a confused series of events, Beatty failed to bring the Germans to battle and they successfully escaped back the Jade Estuary. Withdrawn in December 1915, Queen Mary received a new fire control system before entering the yard for a refit the following month. As a result, it was not with Beatty for the Battle of Dogger Bank on January 24. Returning to duty in February, Queen Mary continued to operate with the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron through 1915 and into 1916. In May, British naval intelligence learned that the German High Seas Fleet had left port. Loss at Jutland Steaming in advance of Admiral Sir John Jellicoes Grand Fleet, Beattys battlecruisers, supported by the battleships of the 5th Battle Squadron, collided with Vice Admiral Franz Hippers battlecruisers in the opening phases of the Battle of Jutland. Engaging at 3:48 PM on May 31, the German fire proved accurate from the outset. At 3:50 PM, Queen Mary opened fire on SMS Seydlitz with its forward turrets. As Beatty closed the range, Queen Mary scored two hits on its opponent and disabled one of Seydlitzs aft turrets. Around 4:15, HMS Lion came under intense fire from Hippers ships. The smoke from this obscured HMS Princess Royal forcing SMS Derfflinger to shift its fire to Queen Mary. As this new enemy engaged, the British ship continued to trade hits with Seydlitz. At 4:26 PM, a shell from Derfflinger struck Queen Mary detonating one or both of its forward magazines. The resulting explosion broke the battlecruiser in half near its foremast. A second shell from Derfflinger may have hit further aft. As the after part of the ship began to roll, it was rocked by a ​large explosion before sinking. Of Queen Marys crew, 1,266 were lost while only twenty were rescued. Though Jutland resulted in a strategic victory for the British, it saw two battlecruisers, HMS Indefatigable and Queen Mary, lost with nearly all hands. An investigation into the losses led to changes in ammunition handling aboard British ships as the report showed that cordite handling practices may have contributed to the loss of the two battlecruisers.

Critically assess the view that religion opresses women Essays

Critically assess the view that religion opresses women Essays Critically assess the view that religion opresses women Essay Critically assess the view that religion opresses women Essay Womens religious oppression has long been an issue for religious women and sociologists. Much of the evidence to suggest that women are oppressed comes from the sociologist view of feminism. Feminists tend to formulate that women are disprivileged due to the fact that religion is a mainly patriarchal institution where supernatural beings and leaders are overwhelmingly male. However, this is a blanket definition and can be defined in several different branches. Altogether, there are three main denominations. Liberal, Radical and Marxist feminists all approach patriarchal religion with slightly different idea towards religion but essentially aiming for the same thing. Liberal feminists are the most well known of all. Their main aim is to gain religious equality for women by removing their obstacles that their religions put onto them to allow them the right to become priests and other forms of figures of importance. While, radical feminists take a more direct approach to the issue by saying that religion exists solely for the benefit of men. They also believe that the rise of monotheism is a problem due to the fact that it is hard to find a religion where their one and only supreme being is female. In the same light, Marxist feminists also take a very direct method to approach womens oppression. They say that religion is a tool of compensation for women while exploiting them doubly if they are of a lower class and female. As with all Marxist ideologies, their ultimate aim would be revolution. By looking at religion directly it is easy to see how many patriarchal constraints there are over women. Although there are some rising female readers of religion, scriptures were first and foremost written and interpreted by men and it is men that are the head of the churches in Islam and Catholicism. This could mean that many values and ideologies such as the wearing of the Burka, beatings, female circumcision and bans on contraception may have been misinterpreted for mens gain and passed on through generation to generation. Many religious women are still not permitted to become priests or are only allowed to work themselves up to a certain level before they hit a religious glass ceiling, identifying where they want to be but unable reach it due to the constraints set upon them as expressed in liberal feminists interpretation of womens supposed oppression. As a collection, women are often seen in a relatively negative light throughout a majority of religious organisations. Many westernised religions are often found to class women as seductress and the cause of original sin due to the fact that it was apparently Eve who tempted Adam to take a bite from the Apple from the tree of Knowledge. Again this was interpreted from a religious scripture and adopted as a value that is strongly held on to. Others are known to say that women are pollutants while they are menstruating and cannot be allowed to worship during such times, even though this is a natural thing for women to go through. Non-westernised religions have even been known to go as far as to say that men and women must be separated during worship and they must be separate on beaches with people to enforce such values should they be broken. Although there are quotes from Holy Scriptures that suggest these things it is, at times, hard to link the quote to its interpretation. For examp le on the issue of female circumcision and beatings the Quran states that if it must be done it must be done lightly. However, circumcision and beatings are still taking away a womans dignity and men are the ones deciding to do so. Although there is a lot of evidence to suggest that women are oppressed by religion, there are modern changes that would say that women are becoming just as important as men when it comes to religion and working. Some of the newer religions are polytheistic, meaning that there is more scope to have female gods for possible female roles such as fertility and love, implying that women are indeed appreciated for what they do just in a slightly different way than that of males. Although many of the goddesses are of a gentle caring originality, there are instances of stronger goddesses such as Kali the destroyer. Women are also choosing to join paganistic religions like Wicca and other newer religions, appearing to show that women are actually choosing to participate in what they choose to feel is right rather than following the mother, wife role which, again, may have stemmed from an original interpretation of the holy texts. Men and womens visions of God tend to be very different. Where males see God as a larger than life controlling force, womens instinct would see God as a comforting figure who gives love and forgiveness when its due. In a stereotypical world it has always been the women who have stayed at home to look after and raise the children, are given the job of socialising them, teaching them morals that will be socially accepted. Figures would show that although religion vastly headed and publicly practiced by men, it is women that for the majority of the religious population. This may be due to many factors but the clearest of all is the benefit that it may have on their children in the long run. Socialisation as a rule originates from one persons taught values to another. Therefore, if a female is bought up to believe in religion then they are more likely to grow up to socialise their children to do the same than a non-religious parent. Stereotypically women are born with a maternal instinct to want the best for their children and believe that religion is the most likely candidate to provide this for them, depicting that it is possible that women do not see actually see religion as oppressive. To westernised society wearing a Burka looks as though it is taking away identity. However, to a Muslim woman who actually understands, it is not a controlling tool but liberation against judgement allowing them to go through daily life without any limitations. According to the women, there is no actual value that states they must wear it which makes the decision optional. After the 9/11 and 7/7 bombings more Muslim women chose to wear it because they rejected the idea that these terrorists were true Muslims and felt the need to identify themselves apart from others, indicating that they are actually happy to follow their religions teachings and values. Many views that are upheld in the name of religion are not actually stated in any scriptures. This could indicate that it is not actually religion that oppresses women, but society itself.

Level of evidence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Level of evidence - Term Paper Example When each study is completed, recommendations are made and results used to update the policies and procedures. For example, in validation of evidence for a clinical intervention for a particular disease, its results are important as the procedure regarding the treatment for the disease will be updated immediately. All policies and procedures are reviewed annually. The management of the health institution is the overall in charge in ensuring all policies and procedures are based on evidence. There are policies and procedures manual for the health institutions. The manual outlines each procedure and policy in detail, giving information on which particular individual is responsible. For example, there is a policy regarding the criteria to approve or exempt human subject research. The policy will indicate the scope, purpose and criteria, indicating the concerned department and personnel. The level of evidence indicates the type of study used in order to effectively make an evaluation of the intervention effect. This will be used to decide on whether the evidence is appropriate. The types of evidence accepted as appropriate are based on three factors namely, whether there is any real effect of the evidence, the relevance of the effect and the size of the effect. The strength of the evidence assesses the effectiveness of an intervention in clinical practice. There are different types of bias that can be detected in any study that can affect the outcome. Each type of study done can indicate the degree of bias. The methods used for the study determines the quality of the evidence in order to minimize bias within the particular study. The sources of bias for each study need to be determined. There are different types of bias such as selection bias or publication bias. Various questions need to be addressed as to how the sample was selected, whether the characteristics of the

Statistics on Aging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Statistics on Aging - Essay Example The other statistics indicate that the population of the older generation continues and will continue to increase for both male and female even though the females are at a higher percentage than the males (Administration on Aging, 1900-2050). The increase in the number of older generation in the years to come mean that there should also be an increase in the number of nurses involved in population-based nursing. This is important because the old people will need attention and the work will be more hence requiring more nursing assistance. More nurses need to be recruited in this program before it is too late. The other health statistic implies that the population-based nursing is already yielding fruits on the older generation aged over 60 years as they are paying more attention to their health and they care about primary rather than tertiary prevention and treatment. Whatever advice the population-based nurses are giving this older generation should continue because it is working (Curley and Vitale,

Managing Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Managing Resources - Essay Example However strategy exists in all organizations even though it may not be written down and articulated. It defines the organization’s behavior and how it tries to cope with its environment.† In this regard, the essay is written to address three-fold objectives, to wit: (1) to present an analysis of the case, Doman Synthetic Fibres plc (B); (2) to summarize two articles from academic and scholarly journals on the topic, managing resources; and (3) to link the case with the two articles on relevant and critical perspectives. As averred by Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (2008, 13-2), â€Å"resourcing strategies are concerned with the two-way relationship between overall business strategies and strategies in separate resource areas such as people, information, finance, and technology†. The case would hereby highlight options for managing resources in terms of deciding whether what to do with the present product, Britlene, whose patent is about to expire and with a new product, Crylon, with potentials to replace it. Doman Synthetic Fiber (DSF) was founded by Wilfred Doman in 1946 as a chemical/synthetic fiber manufacturing company. Its main product, Britlene, was used primarily in the manufacture of heavy-duty clothing and accounts for 95% of total sales in 2006. The patent protection for Britlene was about to expire in 2008. As a foresight, the research and development department of DSF designed a new product in 2005, Crylon, with the same properties as Britlene but with more heat-resistant capabilities. The current Managing Director, Wendy Doman, is faced with the dilemma of deciding whether what to do with the present product, Britlene, whose patent is about to expire and with a new product, Crylon, with potentials to replace it. In a working party meeting in 2007, several personnel of DSF presented alternative courses of action which the company could consider with regard to the Crylon case, to wit:

Examine sociological explanations Essay Example for Free

Examine sociological explanations Essay There seems to be a direct link to what goes on in schools and what takes place at work. The functionalist approach to education and economy is that through socialisation education helps maintain society by introducing young people into values and beliefs such as achievement. They argue that education teaches what is needed within the world of work like numeracy and literacy skills or specific skills for particular jobs. The education system allocates people to the most appropriate jobs, which suits their abilities using examination results. Through the eyes of the functionalists this is seen to be fair because there is an equal opportunity for everyone, everyone has the chance to succeed in society on the basis of their ability. If they work hard and try hard at school then they will succeed and climb the social ladder obtaining a higher social status. They see education as turning pupils into model citizens that the most able pupils will succeed and obtain the most important jobs. Durkheim stated that education performs the function of making individuals feel they are members of a social group. This can be done through lessons such as history. He believes that school teaches pupils how to co-operate and work with others. The subjects that are taught in schools are related to skills that are required for work. The education system sifts and sorts the people according to their ability and that those who want to achieve can do so despite social class or background. Parsons thinks that the school is the first place where they are taught universal values and rules. School helps introduce a consensus; this is where everyone agrees on the same basic values. Schools challenge pupils abilities and their talents so that they can be issued into specific jobs. Davis and Moore explained that some people have greater talents than others and to ensure that society functions efficiently the most able individuals are allocated the most efficient jobs. The education system is responsible for this, targeting the people who are most able then training them for important jobs. However, some people would argue that this is far too optimistic. This idea of meritocracy is untrue does not exists. There are certain barriers that get in the way the main one being social class. An example of this is careers such as medicine and law where certain firms will not accept you if you have been to a university that was previously a polytechnic college. There is nothing wrong with these universities but certain people and groups see them as lower class and therefore less likely to employ them. This is a barrier that gets in the way. There is a lack of evidence that schools teach work specific skills, an example of this is how often does a job require you to know quotes from Shakespeare, some subjects have a limited usefulness to the world of work. The principal of having a general consensus in school is not always the case; different social groups have different sets of values. Marxists disagree with this approach stating that its main function is to maintain, legitimate and reproduce, generation after generation of inequalities transmitted through common values and beliefs. Failure and inequality is encouraged within working class people, this is taught in schools. What goes on in school is related to the world of work, the pupils are like the workers and the teachers are like the bosses. Marxists explanation of education is that it does entirely depend on intellectual ability only the pupils who conform will rise above the rest. Schools reproduce the appropriate work force with the correct attitudes for factory work. They argue that it turns working class kids into conformists workers. Marxists argue that a hidden curriculum lies within the education system that filters out working class children into working class jobs it is a passive process that gets them used to this idea of inequality and hierarchy. It makes them accept it and not challenge it this is the correspondence principal. Bowles and Gintis argue that what goes on in schools is directly related to the world of work. The organisation of school to that of work is very identical, separate school lessons mirroring separate work place tasks. The examination results and payment are the enjoyment of working and learning. Educational success and promotion at work is based on work. Again what was just said isnt always the case. Bowles and Gintis never actual got any research evidence to support their claims. Most jobs now demand people with flair, ambition and people with charisma not mindless idiots as Marxist stated. Not all schools respond in exactly the same way and not all pupils respond in exactly the same way as Bowles and Gintis suggested. Not all children are passive products of the education system it might motivate some children with the thought of ending up in a factory. Paul Willis conducted his survey in 1977 and provides internationalist approach to understand the meanings pupils. Willis identifies pro-school and anti-school subcultures. The anti school subcultures where nicked named the lads ands the pro-school subcultures were called the earoles. Willis was a neo-Marxist who stated that the lads developed strategies to cope with the boredom of school and basic routine that they would eventually end up in at work. The lads chose to and accepted themselves as failures and didnt see the point in trying so just gave up. It was not passive as Marxists first thought. Even this type of attitude created the right workforce, they were uncritical and just got on with it. Paul Willis focuses on actual working at the school. One criticism of Paul Willis work is that either the student rebelled against the system or they conformed they were never really in between and this didnt really make much sense. It was unrealistic not many people were 100% in a category they were in between and this didnt show up in Willis results. Vocational Education was introduced because when students left school and went to work they didnt really possess the appropriate skills for work or the correct attitude. Vocational education changed this and improved their working attitudes with ideas such as work experience. As part of Curriculum 2000 key skills were introduced, this was asked for by a lot of employers and it gave students a basis insight into how to use a computer. A number of other schemes were introduced for those post 16 student s who didnt want to stay on at school, the government would pay half their wages and the company that employed them would pay the other half. This was great for the company because they were getting labour for half the price and once they had got to 19 they would sack them and employ another 16 year old. The schemes led to low paid and low skilled part time employment. The main aim for the government to set this scheme up was so that when it came to Election Day it meant that the number of people who where unemployed was low. There was first an assumption that unemployment was caused by a lack of skills amongst young people. In actual fact it could be to do with lack of jobs. Cohen stated that this attitude and discipline training made the post 16 people ready to except low paid jobs. In conclusion there is no one simple explanation about the relationship between school and economy. All of the information featured is theories and beliefs based on different perspectives. Up to a certain point all of the theories are true and probable in certain situation. No one can speak for the whole of society what happens in one group might be completely different to another. I would however be incline to put my trust in to a lot of what Paul Willis says partly because of the way he carried out his study, it was very in-depth.