Essay on Effect of Mass Media on Youth - 775 Words

MASS MEDIA’S EFFECT ON YOUTH Over the years, technology has progressed from being merely a form of practical functions to forms of entertainment, such as computer and video games. Since the commencement of these technological advancements, our lives have become significantly more convenient. However, as technology has considerably developed, it has had detrimental effects on members of society, especially on youth. Young people now identify social internet networks, video games, cell phones, and numerous other electronic amusements as essential technological devices. Nevertheless, juveniles are utilizing these electronic devices in a misguided manner, resulting in an increase of negative outcomes in this age group. Technology has†¦show more content†¦Due to the high severity of offence obtained by the victims, there have been numerous suicidal attempts by victims, around the world, and the severity is rising day by day. Not only is it detrimental for the victims, but it also negatively affects the aggressor by perpetuating undesirable self-images. The â€Å"cyber† reputations they have developed for themselves may have the potential to negatively affect them in the future. In order to reduce the harm that is being exchanged, parents or guardians should try to become much more aware of the child’s social environment constructed by mass media. The choices of video game genres made by youths are becoming much more violent and inappropriate for certain ages. According to my research, over than ninety percent of video games that are being played by youths involve violence or are labelled PG meaning that adult supervision is recommended. Even juveniles in their childhood are playing video games, categorized as PG without their parents’ consent. In the majority of PG games, the objective is to use violence to kill people. Exposing young children to the violence and murder in video games will encourage wrong concept of life, death and violence. Children a re not formally informed of what death is; therefore it is very easy for them to obtain misconceptions about death. As a result of becoming desensitized to death and aggression, the child willShow MoreRelatedCulture Globalization and Its Impact on Recreation Culture1353 Words   |  6 Pagesglobalization is one of globalization fields which correlated by cultural side , all life fields impacted by globalization , the sport field is one of fields which impact by social phenomenon what appear on societies , but globalization appearance and its effect on any field will connected by cultural and ideological debates what its to hard to predict its results. Cultural globalization is most important globalization fields , Arab makers decision are commit error if they believe that challenges ofRead MoreBad Influence of Mass Media on Kids1499 Words   |  6 Pagesgreater access and influence over our children than ever before. The internet and the media are bringing the outside world into your home; your childs peers; the influences on children from movies and the music they listen to are growing in importance and influence every day, the negative effects of television violence to children, negative effects marijuana, cigarettes, alcohol and some of the heavier drugs are all having negative Read More‚Äà ºMass Media (Television, the Internet, Advertising) Influence Youth Too Much Nowadays.‚Äà ¹ to What Extent Is This True?794 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Mass media (television, the internet, advertising) influence youth too much nowadays.† To what extent is this true? In the recent years, the prevalence of mass media has been undeniable. All over the world, youths have access to mass media through their smartphones, television sets and computers. In such a media-driven world, it is no surprise that mass media has come to play a substantial role in the attitudes and mindsets of youth. To a large extent, mass media does have the power to influenceRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Media On Youth And Society1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Mass Media on the Youth and Society Nowadays, the issue of mass media has caused much debate in the modern society, as well as mass media is becoming more important as a component that negatively affects the behavior of young people. There are many other factors, such as micro-environment, economic instability, the decline of moral values affecting children and young people and encourage them to commit unlawful acts. However, unlimited access to the Internet, mobile phone use in theRead MoreImpact of Media on the People of Pakistan1347 Words   |  6 PagesIn the late 20th Century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries: books, newspapers, magazines, recordings, radio, movies, television and the internet. With the explosion of digital communication technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the question of what forms of media should be classified as mass media has become more prominent. For example, it is controversial whether to include cell phones, video games and computer games ( such as MMORPGs) in the definitionRead MoreMass Media And Its Impact On Society1306 Words   |  6 Pagesis mass media. Mass media is a means of communication that reach number of people in a short time. Mass media includes television, newspaper, magazine, radio and Internet (Nariman,2011) . It is a large pool of information from where every type of information can be extracted and is widening more and more. Mass media influences the society especially the younger generation and shape their opinions and decisions. The study of the impacts of mass media requires a great understanding. Mass media haveRead MoreActs of Violence by American Youth: A Result of Culture, Media, and Capitalism776 Words   |  3 Pages Course title and number Professors name Due date Acts of Violence by American Youth Research Paper Outline Thesis Statement: The proliferation of violence committed by American youth demonstrates tight connections among culture, media, and capitalism creating unique circumstances that result in excessive violence and rage relative to other youth around the world. I. Introduction Juvenile Criminals Youth Violence A. Juvenile crime is not new. Juveniles have committed crimes for as longRead MoreAn Analysis of How Mass Media Affects the Youth950 Words   |  4 PagesOF HOW MASS MEDIA AFFECTS THE YOUTH Imagine a world without media. Can limiting the amount of media in today s society, decrease the affects it has on the young minds of today or not? Can their minds develop an intellectual way of thinking and behaving under a restricted amount of media? Being so, media everywhere has both negative and positive influence on the youth. This essay will discuss such influences of the media on the youth as well as how they can be addressed. First, the mass mediaRead MoreAnalyzing Violence and Crime in USA1357 Words   |  5 Pageslook specifically at the youth of this country and the effects that are produced because of their behavior. Essentially, this essay will try to communicate how the proliferation of violence committed by American youth demonstrates tight connections among culture, media, and capitalism creating unique circumstances that result in excessive violence and rage relative to other youth around the world. This essay will first introduce the subject of juvenile crime and youth violence and indentify similaritiesRead MoreThe media have largely negative effects on people. It affects people of all ages, genders, and600 Words   |  3 PagesThe media have largely negative effects on people. It affects people of all ages, genders, and races. Effects are defined as a change that results when something is done or happens or a particular mood or feeling created by something. The media does this in both a positive and negative way but it’s negative effects are much worse and more numerous. Mass media does affect the way in which people think and act. Its positive influences are celebrated, but its negative effects are something not beneficial

Institutional DIscrimination is Unjust - 716 Words

Discrimination, unjust judgment on others based on their characteristic which within a company will institutionalize. Institutional discrimination means a group is seen a certain way that an institution encourages or dislike for employee, interns, or student while interpersonal discrimination discriminations against people based on a personal views. Though discrimination was more common in the times of slavery and women as ‘stay at home moms’ but it still exist in the modern times of the last ten years. Everyday American’s face discrimination by companies and institutions based on gender, race, and social class with negative judgment. The negative judgments leads to the unjust treatment such as unequal payment, healthcare coverage and inaccurate stereotypes. In article, â€Å"Gender Gouging† from Multinational Monitor Magazine’s January/ February 2009 Edition, the unjust treatments of women compared to men is revealed. â€Å"†¦women on an average earn less than men to begin with, that they are more likely to face challenges paying for their health care,† (Multinational Monitor 5). The rates of a woman’s healthcare premiums can range from 4% to 48% more than a male. In some states, maturity coverage isn’t available or pay an additional fee that covers a fraction of the â€Å"uncomplicated birth cost ... [which] average[s] $7,000† (5). Some state many also deny women insurance if they suffered domestic violence which â€Å"†¦basically victimizing women once again,† (5). Though not all but mostShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Framework Within The Area Of Equal Opportunities1399 Words   |  6 Pagesform of discrimination and its causes, it supports and puts in place progressive awareness of equality in the community. The law requires people to be given equal opportunities regardless of their personal characteristics and backgrounds. The Equal Opportunities Act 2010, brought together some anti discriminatory laws to make it simple for people to understand their rights and duty to society as well as the enforcement of fair treatment for all including targeting and fighting discrimination againstRead MoreAppedix C673 Words   |  3 Pages |Definition | |Discrimination |The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, esp. on the| | |grounds of race, age, or sex. | |Institutional discrimination |Unfair prejudice against individuals as a result of the way an organization works or | Read MoreAtticus Finch in To Kill A Mocking Bird is an Accommodator Not an Activist559 Words   |  3 Pagesincorrect compared to Malcolm Gladwell because Atticus is an accommodator by not fighting against institutional racism. Malcolm Gladwell says Atticus is an accommodator and Lance McMillian says Atticus is an activist. In Gladwell’s essay, his reasoning behind Atticus being an accommodator is Atticus’ similarity to James Folsom. Folsom respected African Americans as equals but never fought the institutional racism. Atticus also never reacted with range when Tom Robinson is told he is guilty. AnotherRead MoreIs Australia a Racist Country?1091 Words   |  5 PagesRacism is discrimination or abusive behaviour towards another race or religion. Australia is a very young multicultural country where at hand is strong evidence to suggest that Australia is racist, and in contrast there are many examples that support this questions that we humans beings can live in peace and harmony with all Australians. According to the ABCDiamond The proportion of the population of Australians born overseas is quoted â€Å"over one quarter of Australians were born overseas†. This meansRead MoreLetter From A Birmingham Jail And Barack Obama s A More Perfect Union1304 Words   |  6 Pagesrace relations in this country. The ideas from both of the readings explain how black Americans faced hatred and violence because they were viewed as less then. The writings also include how each leader is trying to change the world’s view of discrimination. Both are fighting for the same cause. They are trying to move forward and provide future generations a better lifestyle then the past or present. Maddox Jr., Alton H. Belittling Dr. King s words and actions. New York Amsterdam News 17 JanRead MoreInstitutional Racism : The Systematic Oppression Of People Of Color Essay1283 Words   |  6 PagesInstitutional Racism: The Systematic Oppression of People of Color According to the oxford dictionary, institutional racism is defined as discrimination amongst people of a certain race that society becomes to see as normal. Looking back at the â€Å"discovering† of America, the history of colonization, slavery, the trail of tears and even Japanese internment camps, anyone not of European(British descent) were always seen and treated as less than. Because so many years have passed, one would think thatRead MoreRacial Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird848 Words   |  4 Pagesyears through the duration of the Great Depression. The Jim Crow laws â€Å"was a system of segregation and discrimination that barred black Americans from a status equal to that of white Americans,† as described by Tsahai Tafari (1). In To Kill a Mockingbird, Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch occasionally acknowledges the social separation between African Americans and Caucasians in Maycomb. The institutional racism justified by the Jim Crow laws includ ed the location of residency separation between white familiesRead MoreOppression Is A Sense Of Being Weighed Down998 Words   |  4 Pages  If you were addressed with a situation of discrimination that you have never dealt with before what would you do? Would you calmly ignore the situation and act like nothing has ever happen; or would you blow things out of proportion? In most situations, the second â€Å"solution† happens simply because not many people are willing to let go when it comes to discrimination. If you were being treated differently, you would be either annoyed or angry at whoever treated you badly. When people are faced withRead MoreReaction to Cars Gay Divorce1019 Words   |  4 PagesRe: Reaction to Card’s â€Å"Gay Divorce† Overview The institutional barriers to legally recognizing same-sex marriage engender a sense of injustice and an unethical violation of a Universal Human Right. While author Card does identify these fallacies and states that the law should not determine which adult unions are legitimate, she posits an unsettling alternative. Suggesting that same-sex marriage should not have been a political issue and proposing the abolition of marriage denies the LGBT communityRead MoreThe Fight For Justice Marks A Long Sequence Of Events Towards Their Freedom1201 Words   |  5 Pagesin America are segregation, discrimination, racism and prejudice. Their fight for justice marks a long sequence of events towards their freedom. Race according to the New Webster’s Dictionary is a division of mankind based on skin color, hair texture, facial make-up etc in a group or class. Racism can be traced back to the beginning of history. It has gone beyond individual discrimination and stretched as far as institu tional racism and linguistic profiling. Institutional racism occurs when racism

Succubus Blues CHAPTER 2 Free Essays

The phone jolted me to consciousness the next morning. Dim, murky light filtered in through my sheer curtains, signifying some freakishly early hour. Around here, however, that amount of light could have indicated anything from sunrise to high noon. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Blues CHAPTER 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now After four rings, I finally deigned to answer, accidentally knocking Aubrey out of the bed. She landed with an indignant mhew and stalked off to clean herself. â€Å"Hello?† † Yo, Kincaid?† â€Å"No.† My response came swift and certain. â€Å"I’m not coming in.† â€Å"You don’t even know I’m going to ask that.† â€Å"Of course I know. There’s no other reason you’d be calling me this early, and I’m not going to do it. It’s my day off, Doug.† Doug, the other assistant manager at my day job, was a pretty nice guy, but he couldn’t keep a poker face – or voice – to save his life. His cool demeanor immediately gave way to desperation. â€Å"Everyone called in sick today, and now we’re strapped. You have to do it.† â€Å"Well, I’m sick too. Believe me, you don’t want me there.† Okay, I wasn’t exactly sick, but I was still sporting a residual afterglow from being with Martin. Mortals would not â€Å"see† it as Duane had per se, but they would sense it and be drawn to it – men and women alike – without even knowing why. My confinement today would prevent any foolish, lovesick behavior. It was very kind of me, really. â€Å"Liar. You’re never sick.† â€Å"Doug, I was already planning on coming back tonight for the signing. If I work a shift today too, I’ll be there all day. That’s sick and twisted.† â€Å"Welcome to my world, babe. We have no alternative, not if you really care about the fate of the store, not if you truly care about our customers and their happiness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You’re losing me, cowboy.† â€Å"So,† he continued, â€Å"the question is, are you going to come here willingly, or do I have to walk over there and drag you out of bed myself? Frankly, I wouldn’t mind the latter.† I did a mental eye roll, chiding myself for the billionth time about living two blocks from work. His rambling about the bookstore’s suffering had been effective, as he’d known it would. I operated under the mistaken belief that the place couldn’t survive without me. â€Å"Well, rather than risk any more of your attempts at witty, sexual banter, I suppose I’ll have to come over there. But Doug†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My voice turned hard. â€Å"Yeah?† â€Å"Don’t put me on the registers or anything.† I heard hesitation on his end. â€Å"Doug? I’m serious. Not the main registers. I don’t want to be around a lot of customers.† â€Å"All right,† he said at last. â€Å"Not the main registers.† â€Å"Promise?† â€Å"I promise.† A half hour later, I stepped outside my door to walk the two blocks to the bookstore. Long clouds hung low, darkening the sky, and a faint chill touched the air, forcing some of my fellow pedestrians to don a coat. I had opted for none, finding my khaki slacks and brown chenille sweater more than sufficient. The clothing, just like the lip gloss and eyeliner I’d carefully applied this morning, were real; I had not shape-shifted into them. I enjoyed the routine nature of applying cosmetics and matching articles of clothing, though Hugh would have claimed I was just being weird again. Emerald City Books Caf? ¦ was a sprawling establishment, occupying almost a full block in Seattle’s Queen Anne neighborhood. It sat two stories high, with the cafe portion dominating a second-floor corner viewing the Space Needle. A cheerful green awning hung over the main door, protecting those customers waiting for the store to open. I walked around them and entered through a side door, using my staff key. Doug assaulted me before I’d taken two steps inside. â€Å"It’s about time. We†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He paused and did a double-take, reexamining me. â€Å"Wow. You look†¦ really nice today. Did you do something different?† Only a thirty-four-year-old virgin, I thought. â€Å"You’re just imagining things because you’re so happy I’m here to fix your staffing problem. What am I doing? Stock?† â€Å"I, er, no.† Doug struggled to snap out of his haze, still looking me up and down in a way I found disconcerting. His interest in dating me was no secret, nor was my continual rejection. â€Å"Come on, I’ll show you.† â€Å"I told you – â€Å" â€Å"It’s not the main registers,† he promised me. What â€Å"it† turned out to be was the espresso counter in our upstairs cafe. Bookstore staff hardly ever subbed up here, but it wasn’t unheard of. Bruce, the cafe manager, popped up from where he’d been kneeling behind the counter. I often thought Doug and Bruce could be twins in a mixed-race, alternate-reality sort of way. Both had long, scraggly ponytails, and both wore a good deal of flannel in tribute to the grunge era neither had fully recovered from. They differed mainly in their coloring. Doug was Japanese-American, black-haired with flawless skin; Bruce was Mr. Aryan Nation, all blond hair and blue eyes. â€Å"Hey Doug, Georgina,† heralded Bruce. His eyes widened at me. â€Å"Whoa, you look great today.† â€Å"Doug! This is just as bad. I told you I didn’t want any customers.† â€Å"You told me not the main registers. You didn’t say anything about this one.† I opened my mouth to protest, but Bruce interrupted. â€Å"Come on, Georgina, I had Alex call in sick today, and Cindy actually quit.† Seeing my stony expression, he quickly added, â€Å"Our registers are almost identical to yours. It’ll be easy.† â€Å"Besides† – Doug raised his voice to a fair imitation of our manager’s – † ‘assistant managers are supposed to be able to fill in for anybody around here.’ â€Å" â€Å"Yeah, but the cafe – â€Å" † – is still part of the store. Look, I’ve got to go open. Bruce’ll show you what you need to know. Don’t worry, it’ll be fine.† He hastily darted off before I could refuse again. â€Å"Coward!† I yelled after him. â€Å"It really won’t be that bad,† Bruce reiterated, not understanding my dismay. â€Å"You just take the money, and I’ll make the espresso. Let’s practice on you. You want a white chocolate mocha?† â€Å"Yeah,† I conceded. Everyone I worked with knew about that particular vice. I usually managed to take down three of them a day. Mochas that was, not coworkers. Bruce walked me through the necessary steps, showing me how to mark up the cups and find what I needed to push on the register’s touch-screen interface. He was right. It wasn’t so bad. â€Å"You’re a natural,† he assured me later, handing over my mocha. I grunted in response and consumed my caffeine, thinking I could handle anything so long as the mochas kept coming. Besides, this really couldn’t be as bad as the main registers. The cafe probably did no business this time of day. I was wrong. Minutes after opening, we had a line of five people. â€Å"Large latte,† I repeated back to my first customer, carefully punching in the information. â€Å"Already got it,† Bruce told me, starting the beverage before I even had a chance to label the cup. I happily took the woman’s money and moved on to my next order. â€Å"A large skinny mocha.† † Skinny’s just another word for nonfat, Georgina.† I scrawled NF on the cup. No worries. We could do this. The next customer wandered up and stared at me, momentarily bedazzled. Coming to her senses, she shook her head and blurted out a torrent of orders. â€Å"I need one small drip coffee, one large nonfat vanilla latte, one small double cappuccino, and one large decaf latte.† Now I felt bedazzled. How had she remembered all those? And honestly, who ordered drip anymore? On and on the morning went, and despite my misgivings, I soon felt myself perking up and enjoying the experience. I couldn’t help it. It was how I worked, how I carried myself through life. I liked trying new things – even something as banal as ringing up espresso. People could be silly, certainly, but I enjoyed working with the public most of the time. It was how I had ended up in customer service. And once I overcame my sleepiness, my inborn succubus charisma kicked in. I became the star of my own personal stage show, bantering and flirting with ease. When combined with the Martin-induced glamour, I became downright irresistible. While this did result in a number of proffered dates and pickup lines, it also saved me from the repercussions of any mistakes. My customers found no wrong with me. â€Å"That’s all right, dear,† one older woman assured me upon discovering I’d accidentally ordered her a large cinnamon mocha instead of a nonfat, decaf latte. â€Å"I really need to branch out into new drinks anyway.† I smiled back winningly, hoping she wasn’t diabetic. Later on, a guy came up carrying a copy of Seth Mortensen’s The Glasgow Pact. It was the first sign I’d seen of tonight’s momentous event. â€Å"Are you going to the signing?† I asked as I rang up his tea. Bleh. Caffeine-free. He studied me for a pregnant moment, and I braced myself for a pass. Instead the guy said mildly, â€Å"Yeah, I’ll be there.† â€Å"Well, make sure you think up good questions for him. Don’t ask the same ones everyone else does.† â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"Oh, you know, the usual. ‘Where do you get your ideas from?’ and ‘Are Cady and O’Neill ever going to get together?’ â€Å" The guy considered this as I made change. He was cute, in a disheveled sort of way. He had brown hair with a reddish-gold gleam to it, said gleam being more noticeable in the shadow of facial hair crossing his lower face. I couldn’t quite decide if he’d intentionally grown a beard or just forgotten to shave. Whatever it was, it had grown in more or less evenly and, when combined with the Pink Floyd T-shirt he wore, presented the image of a sort of hippie-lumberjack. â€Å"I don’t think the ‘usual questions’ make them any less meaningful to the one doing the asking,† he decided at last, seeming shy about contradicting me. â€Å"To a fan, each question is new and unique.† He stepped aside so I could wait on another customer. I continued the conversation as I took the next order, unwilling to pass up the opportunity to discuss Seth Mortensen intelligently. â€Å"Forget the fans. What about poor Seth Mortensen? He probably wants to impale himself each time he gets one of those.† † ‘Impale’ is kind of a strong word, don’t you think?† â€Å"Absolutely not. The guy’s brilliant. Hearing idiotic questions must bore him to tears.† A bemused smile played across the man’s mouth, and his steady brown eyes weighed me carefully. When he realized he was staring so openly, he glanced away, embarrassed. â€Å"No. If he’s out touring, he cares about his fans. He doesn’t mind the repetitive questions.† â€Å"He’s not out touring for altruism. He’s out touring because the publicists at his publishing house are making him tour,† I countered. â€Å"Which is also a waste of time, by the way.† He dared a look back at me. â€Å"Touring is? You don’t want to meet him?† â€Å"I – well, yes, of course I do. It’s just, that†¦ okay. Look, don’t get me wrong. I worship the ground this guy walks on. I’m excited to meet him tonight. I’m dying to meet him tonight. If he wanted to carry me off and make me his love slave, I’d do it, so long as I got advance copies of his books. But this touring thing†¦ it takes time. Time that would be better spent writing the next book. I mean, haven’t you seen how long his books take to come out?† â€Å"Yeah. I’ve noticed.† Just then, a previous customer returned, complaining he’d gotten caramel syrup instead of caramel sauce. Whatever that meant. I offered a few smiles and sweet apologies, and he soon didn’t care about the caramel sauce or anything else. By the time he left my register, the Mortensen fan guy was gone too. When I finally finished my shift around five, Doug came to meet me. â€Å"I heard some interesting things about your performance up here.† â€Å"I hear interesting things about your ‘performance’ all the time, Doug, but you don’t hear me making jokes about it.† He bandied with me a bit more and finally released me to get ready for the signing, but not before I’d made him humbly acknowledge how much he owed me for my kindness today. Between him and Hugh, I was accruing favors all over the place. I practically ran the two blocks home, anxious to grab some dinner and figure out what I wanted to wear. My exhilaration was growing. In an hour or so, I’d be meeting my all-time favorite author. Could life get any better? Humming to myself, I took the stairs two at a time and produced my keys with a flourish that only I noticed or appreciated. As I opened the door, a hand suddenly grabbed me and pulled me roughly inside, into the darkness of my apartment. I yelped in surprise and fear as I was shoved up against the door, slamming it shut. The lights burst on suddenly and unexpectedly, and the faint smell of sulfur wafted through the air. Although the brightness made me wince, I could see well enough to recognize what was going on. Hell hath no fury like a pissed-off demon. How to cite Succubus Blues CHAPTER 2, Essay examples

Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Law Free Sample

Question: Discussion about the Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Law. Answer: Introduction Concept of Parole Evidence Rule After the late 19th century, classical theorists began to conceive the contracts as a part of private legislation. They considered that even private individuals may get into contracts to put obligations on each other that could be enforced before a court of law. This led to the very assumption that any agreement, which is incomplete in its nature and essence, may not form part of a contract.(Gergen, 2010) This assumption developed the doctrine on indefinites on the basis of which another assumption was drawn and it was concluded that if parties to contract have reduced their obligations in writing then there are clear intentions from them to approach the court in case of dispute. Further, it was assumed that the court must look into the writing part with the aim to clearly determine the obligations set for each of the parties to contract.(Academy Chicago Publishers v Cheever, 1991) This gave assumption gave birth to the concept of Parole Evidence Rule. Significance of the Rule to the Law of Contracts The obligations and situations of the parties are decided as per the agreed and written contract between them. When parties have made a written contract and have consented to it as accurate and complete integration of their thoughts and intentions, then any evidence either parole or otherwise, which may vary or contradict the aim of the contract, cannot be admitted for the purpose of supplying negotiations or understandings to the written contract. This is the parole evidence rule, which specifically aims to bind the parties towards the written and legally enforceable agreement signed between them.(Pitcairn v Philip Hiss Co., 1903) This rule has immense significance as it helps in ensuring that the parties do not turn their backs towards the very obligations agreed as per the contract. Further, the parties are abstained from interpreting or demeaning the clauses of the contract by supplying additional evidence. The rule helps in upholding that no evidence is required to prove any pro vision or clause made under the contract and thereby restricts the parties in taking undue advantage from negative interpretations of supplying additional evidence. The Parole Evidence Rule The Rule The very rule of Parole Evidence restricts or prevents any introduction of evidence relating to contemporaneous or prior negotiations and agreements that might cause any modification or contradiction to the terms and provisions of the written contract. But in such cases, the written contract must be complete and should be based on the intentions of the parties. A contract with a Merger Clause helps in strengthening this presumption that the contract is complete and expresses the intention of the parties in totality.(JEC, 2016) Prior to ensuring applicability of the parole evidence rule, the following questions must be considered by the court:(Corbin, 1944) Whether a contract is made between the parties? Whether by way of illegality, mistake, fraud, or other relevant reasons, there exists any possibility of the contract being rendered void or voidable? Whether the parties have assented to a particular document or writing to be integrated to the complete and accurate contract agreed between them? On the basis of the conclusions of the above questions, the court must decide whether the rule of parole evidence should be implemented in the context and situation of the case at hand or not. However, it is not necessary that while determining any of the above issues, the bench must be simple minded or gullible. The present question concerns the weight of evidence rather admissibility.(Zell v American Seating Co.,, 1943) In Childs v South Jersey Amusement Co., (1923), the Court stated that the rule of parole evidence is not required to be justified by citing myriads of case. It is well established that if the parties have agreed to the terms stated in the contract by reducing such agreement to writing, then they cannot vary or contradict such terms by submitting additional proofs including agreements and negotiations. Exceptions to the Rule The rule of parole evidence is strict and thereby creates various hardships for both parties as well as the courts. Considering the same, the court has identified and established are six exceptions to the general rule of parole evidence, which have been detailed in the below paragraphs. These exceptions state that certain evidence may be considered by the court in addition to the written contract. The following evidence may be considered:(Mohamed Mohamed, 2014) First Exception states that evidence may be allowed that shows either the trade usage or custom to be a part of the contract even when not expressly included in the underlying terms of the contract. This rule is valid in relation to contracts of commercial transactions. The examples include: A Stock exchanges dealing and a transaction of betting on racecourse with a registered dealer. In such cases the contract is valid but there may be encryption in regards the written evidence. In the Hutton v. Warrens case, (1836), the court stated that in regards to well entrenched and accepted trade and custom it is presumed that they shall apply unless otherwise proved by the other party. Thus if a trade usage or custom exists that has not been incorporated within the terms of contract, it shall be considered irrespective of the rule of parole evidence. Second Exception states that if there exists any verbal agreement, which is a condition precedent and the basis of the written contract such that it is crucial for the operation of such written agreement, then evidence proving the same shall be admissible before the courts. In Pym v Cambell, (1856), this exception has been relied by the courts where the court allowed a verbal condition to be adduced as evidence and stated that until fulfilment of such a condition the written contract could not be enforced. It may appear from the contract that it is well concluded between the parties to be enforced but the courts may admit some previously agreed extrinsic evidence that proves that the contract may not be enforced until the fulfilment of certain condition. For example: such condition may be by the approval of consent of party, or happening or non-happening of a future event. Third Exception- if the claimant if able to prove that the written agreement does not include all the essential terms to the that were agreed between the parties, then certain missed out oral evidence or terms may be allowed by the court. For this exception to apply, the courts must first determine whether the contract is fully concluded and includes all the relevant and other terms required in the contract. Since, the party who relies on an oral term is basically trying to prove that the contract is partly written and partly oral. This exception was implemented in Van Den Esschert v Chappell (1960), where the court stated that the oral agreement was relevant to the contract which was breached by the vendor who must compensate the other party. It is required to be highly alert while implementing this exception and the factors include time and relative importance must be considered in this regard. Fourth Exception states that if there lies any ambiguity in the written terms of the contract then oral evidence may be required to eliminate any such ambiguity. Fifth Exception states that if from the written contract it clearly seems that there exists a mistake then oral evidence for rectifying the said mistake may be allowed by the courts. This exception ensures that the vulnerable party does not lose pertaining to the mistake in the basic terms of the contract and it gets a chance for the rectification of mistakes under the parole evidence rule. For example: In cases, where the other party alleges any type of fraud or mistake, then the court may consider extrinsic evidence as admissible. In Janardan v Venkatesh, (1939), the court held that when there exists a mistake either in fact or law while determining and executing the terms of written contract and when such mistake exists for all the parties to contract, then evidence to rectify the mistake will be considered. Sixth Exception states that in cases where the written contract is unable to establish or identify its parties, then the oral evidence will be used to ensure identification and impose obligations on the contracting parties. For example: if a contract is between an unregistered company or a company has negotiated a contract in lieu of pending registration. Then in such cases, the court may consider the proof of registration to establish the parties to contract. In the case of Gilberto v Kenny, (1983), the court stated that to prove the identity of the purchaser, extrinsic evidence may be considered so as to find out that whether the purchaser was acting solely for itself or also as the agent of her husband. Implication of the Rule For the above analysis of the exceptions, it becomes clear that the rule if applicable to wide arena of cases but may be excluded by taking shield of any of the valid exceptions or ensuring that the additional evidence is important to do justice to the parties. This section focuses on analysing the practical application of the parole evidence rule. Practical Application of the Rule The rule of Parole Evidence is always applied in the context of Australian Laws unless the claimant is successful in proving that the written contract is not capable of considering complete intentions of the parties. (Gordon v McGregor, 1909) The general presumption of the courts in case of a written contract, which includes all relevant terms to the contract, is that no type of evidence may be added at a later stage, which may vary the terms of the contract. (Mercantile Bank of Sydney v Taylor 317 A.C., 1893). Various authors have found that the implementation of this rule is comparatively less severe than what the actual rule appears to be. Consequent to this, various exceptions have been admitted by the Australian courts relying on the pattern of England courts but also maintaining certain differences. For example: in England the exception relating to subsequent conduct between the parties will be a weak exception to use to interpret the prior written and agreed contract. However, the Australian courts have agreed to the exception of ulterior behaviour between the contractual parties for the purpose of elucidating the vague or ambiguous terms of the contract. The legal stand of this exception relation to subsequent conduct has been varied as per the opinions of the court. It has been agreed in Air Great Lakes Pty. Ltd. v K. S. Easter (Holding) Pty. Ltd., (1985) and Farmer v Honan, (1919). But finally the Supreme Court in FAI Traders Insurance Company v Savoy Plaza Pty. Limited, (1993) re solved the conflict and stated that the law does not permit any degree of reliance in cases concerning subsequent conduct. Further, in regards to the application of this rule it is pertinent to note that Australia is a signatory and has ratified to the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods or CISG. However, considering the implementing of various legal traditions identified within the Convention, the Australian Courts have been witnessed to be incompatible to the application as required under the CISG. The incompatibility came during the case of South Sydney Rugby League v News Ltd., (2000), wherein the Court discussed the implications of the terms of contract on the basis of imputed or presumed intention between the parties. The court observed that not every Legislature State and Territory within the country is deterred to enact the provisions of CISG within their domestic laws. (Zuppi, 2007) Conclusion The rule of parole evidence has existed since history in the law of contract to ensure that a contract whose terms are agreed by the parties and suit their intentions, then such terms would be relied by the court and no additional or extra evidence may be adduced to interpret the terms of the contract. This rule helps in restricting the parties to the agreed terms of the contract so as to ensure that with changing circumstances the parties are not changing, otherwise it will vitiate the very existence of the contract. However, in certain cases the rule has been relaxed to ensure justice to the vulnerable parties whose interest may be defeated under the shield of parole evidence rule. References Academy Chicago Publishers v Cheever (1991) N.E. 2d 981. Corbin, A., 1944. The Parol Evidence Rule. Yale School Legal Scholarship Repository, 603-665. Gergen, M. P., 2010. Ango- American Contract and Torts, l.: Uni-goettingen. JEC, 2016. The Parol Evidence Rule. [Online] Available at: https://jec.unm.edu/education/online-training/contract-law-tutorial/the-parol-evidence-rule Mohamed, M. A. S. Mohamed, A. A. A., 2014. A Critical Appraisal of the Parol Evidence Rule in Contract Law. Istanbul, OCERINT, pp. 865-872. Pitcairn v Philip Hiss Co. (1903) 110 Fed. 125. Zell v American Seating Co., (1943) 641 F.2d 138. Zuppi, A. L., 2007. The PArole EVidence Rule: A Comparative Study of the Common Law, The Civil Law Tradition, and Lex Mercatoria. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 233-276. Childs v South Jersey Amusement Co., (1923) 122 Atl. 803. Hutton v. Warrens case, (1836) 1 MW 466. Pym v Cambell, (1856) 119 ER 903. Van Den Esschert v Chappell, (1960) WAR 114. Janardan v Venkatesh, (1939) AIR Bom 151. Gilberto v Kenny, (1983) 48 CLR 620. Gordon v McGregor, (1909) 9 CLR 316. Mercantile Bank of Sydney v Taylor, (1893) A.C. 317. Air Great Lakes Pty. Ltd. v K. S. Easter (Holding) Pty. Ltd., (1985) 2 N.S.W.L.R. 309 Farmer v Honan, (1919) 26 C.L.R. 183 FAI Traders Insurance Company v Savoy Plaza Pty. Limited, (1993) 2 V. R. 343 South Sydney Rugby League v News Ltd., (2000) F.C.A. 1541