Managing Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Managing Resources - Essay Example However strategy exists in all organizations even though it may not be written down and articulated. It defines the organization’s behavior and how it tries to cope with its environment.† In this regard, the essay is written to address three-fold objectives, to wit: (1) to present an analysis of the case, Doman Synthetic Fibres plc (B); (2) to summarize two articles from academic and scholarly journals on the topic, managing resources; and (3) to link the case with the two articles on relevant and critical perspectives. As averred by Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (2008, 13-2), â€Å"resourcing strategies are concerned with the two-way relationship between overall business strategies and strategies in separate resource areas such as people, information, finance, and technology†. The case would hereby highlight options for managing resources in terms of deciding whether what to do with the present product, Britlene, whose patent is about to expire and with a new product, Crylon, with potentials to replace it. Doman Synthetic Fiber (DSF) was founded by Wilfred Doman in 1946 as a chemical/synthetic fiber manufacturing company. Its main product, Britlene, was used primarily in the manufacture of heavy-duty clothing and accounts for 95% of total sales in 2006. The patent protection for Britlene was about to expire in 2008. As a foresight, the research and development department of DSF designed a new product in 2005, Crylon, with the same properties as Britlene but with more heat-resistant capabilities. The current Managing Director, Wendy Doman, is faced with the dilemma of deciding whether what to do with the present product, Britlene, whose patent is about to expire and with a new product, Crylon, with potentials to replace it. In a working party meeting in 2007, several personnel of DSF presented alternative courses of action which the company could consider with regard to the Crylon case, to wit:

Examine sociological explanations Essay Example for Free

Examine sociological explanations Essay There seems to be a direct link to what goes on in schools and what takes place at work. The functionalist approach to education and economy is that through socialisation education helps maintain society by introducing young people into values and beliefs such as achievement. They argue that education teaches what is needed within the world of work like numeracy and literacy skills or specific skills for particular jobs. The education system allocates people to the most appropriate jobs, which suits their abilities using examination results. Through the eyes of the functionalists this is seen to be fair because there is an equal opportunity for everyone, everyone has the chance to succeed in society on the basis of their ability. If they work hard and try hard at school then they will succeed and climb the social ladder obtaining a higher social status. They see education as turning pupils into model citizens that the most able pupils will succeed and obtain the most important jobs. Durkheim stated that education performs the function of making individuals feel they are members of a social group. This can be done through lessons such as history. He believes that school teaches pupils how to co-operate and work with others. The subjects that are taught in schools are related to skills that are required for work. The education system sifts and sorts the people according to their ability and that those who want to achieve can do so despite social class or background. Parsons thinks that the school is the first place where they are taught universal values and rules. School helps introduce a consensus; this is where everyone agrees on the same basic values. Schools challenge pupils abilities and their talents so that they can be issued into specific jobs. Davis and Moore explained that some people have greater talents than others and to ensure that society functions efficiently the most able individuals are allocated the most efficient jobs. The education system is responsible for this, targeting the people who are most able then training them for important jobs. However, some people would argue that this is far too optimistic. This idea of meritocracy is untrue does not exists. There are certain barriers that get in the way the main one being social class. An example of this is careers such as medicine and law where certain firms will not accept you if you have been to a university that was previously a polytechnic college. There is nothing wrong with these universities but certain people and groups see them as lower class and therefore less likely to employ them. This is a barrier that gets in the way. There is a lack of evidence that schools teach work specific skills, an example of this is how often does a job require you to know quotes from Shakespeare, some subjects have a limited usefulness to the world of work. The principal of having a general consensus in school is not always the case; different social groups have different sets of values. Marxists disagree with this approach stating that its main function is to maintain, legitimate and reproduce, generation after generation of inequalities transmitted through common values and beliefs. Failure and inequality is encouraged within working class people, this is taught in schools. What goes on in school is related to the world of work, the pupils are like the workers and the teachers are like the bosses. Marxists explanation of education is that it does entirely depend on intellectual ability only the pupils who conform will rise above the rest. Schools reproduce the appropriate work force with the correct attitudes for factory work. They argue that it turns working class kids into conformists workers. Marxists argue that a hidden curriculum lies within the education system that filters out working class children into working class jobs it is a passive process that gets them used to this idea of inequality and hierarchy. It makes them accept it and not challenge it this is the correspondence principal. Bowles and Gintis argue that what goes on in schools is directly related to the world of work. The organisation of school to that of work is very identical, separate school lessons mirroring separate work place tasks. The examination results and payment are the enjoyment of working and learning. Educational success and promotion at work is based on work. Again what was just said isnt always the case. Bowles and Gintis never actual got any research evidence to support their claims. Most jobs now demand people with flair, ambition and people with charisma not mindless idiots as Marxist stated. Not all schools respond in exactly the same way and not all pupils respond in exactly the same way as Bowles and Gintis suggested. Not all children are passive products of the education system it might motivate some children with the thought of ending up in a factory. Paul Willis conducted his survey in 1977 and provides internationalist approach to understand the meanings pupils. Willis identifies pro-school and anti-school subcultures. The anti school subcultures where nicked named the lads ands the pro-school subcultures were called the earoles. Willis was a neo-Marxist who stated that the lads developed strategies to cope with the boredom of school and basic routine that they would eventually end up in at work. The lads chose to and accepted themselves as failures and didnt see the point in trying so just gave up. It was not passive as Marxists first thought. Even this type of attitude created the right workforce, they were uncritical and just got on with it. Paul Willis focuses on actual working at the school. One criticism of Paul Willis work is that either the student rebelled against the system or they conformed they were never really in between and this didnt really make much sense. It was unrealistic not many people were 100% in a category they were in between and this didnt show up in Willis results. Vocational Education was introduced because when students left school and went to work they didnt really possess the appropriate skills for work or the correct attitude. Vocational education changed this and improved their working attitudes with ideas such as work experience. As part of Curriculum 2000 key skills were introduced, this was asked for by a lot of employers and it gave students a basis insight into how to use a computer. A number of other schemes were introduced for those post 16 student s who didnt want to stay on at school, the government would pay half their wages and the company that employed them would pay the other half. This was great for the company because they were getting labour for half the price and once they had got to 19 they would sack them and employ another 16 year old. The schemes led to low paid and low skilled part time employment. The main aim for the government to set this scheme up was so that when it came to Election Day it meant that the number of people who where unemployed was low. There was first an assumption that unemployment was caused by a lack of skills amongst young people. In actual fact it could be to do with lack of jobs. Cohen stated that this attitude and discipline training made the post 16 people ready to except low paid jobs. In conclusion there is no one simple explanation about the relationship between school and economy. All of the information featured is theories and beliefs based on different perspectives. Up to a certain point all of the theories are true and probable in certain situation. No one can speak for the whole of society what happens in one group might be completely different to another. I would however be incline to put my trust in to a lot of what Paul Willis says partly because of the way he carried out his study, it was very in-depth.

Indian Government Promoting Investment In Agriculture Economics Essay

Indian Government Promoting Investment In Agriculture Economics Essay The main objectives of the Governments price policy for agricultural produce, aims at ensuring remunerative prices to the growers for their produce with a view to encourage higher investment and production. Towards the end, minimum support prices for major agricultural products are announced each year which are fixed after taking into account, the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). The CACP while recommending prices takes into account all-important factors, viz. Cost of Production Changes in Input Prices Input/Output Price Parity Trends in Market Prices Inter-crop Price Parity Demand and Supply Situation Effect on Industrial Cost Structure Effect on General Price Level Effect on Cost of Living International Market Price Situation Parity between Prices Paid and Prices Received by farmers (Terms of Trade). EXIM Policy EXIM Policy is the export import policy of the government that is announced every five years. It is also known as the Foreign Trade Policy. This policy consists of general provisions regarding exports and imports, promotional measures, duty exemption schemes, export promotion schemes, special economic zone programs and other details for different sectors. Every year the government announces a supplement to this policy. The EXIM Policy of 2002-2007 (External website that opens in a new window) emphasized the importance of agricultural exports and announced measures like the setting up of agri export zones, removal of procedural restrictions and marketing cost assistance. Agri Export Zones are considered the most important creation of this policy Agri Export Zones (External website that opens in a new window) Agri Export Zones were formed as a result of this policy. These zones are meant to promote agricultural exports from the country and provide remunerative returns to the farming community regularly. They are to be identified by the State Government, which would evolve a comprehensive package of services to be provided by all State Government agencies, State Agriculture Universities and all institutions and agencies of the Union Government for intensive delivery in these zones. Corporate sector companies with proven credentials would be encouraged to sponsor new agri export zones or take over already notified agri export zones. Services that would be managed and coordinated through this scheme include the provision of pre/post harvest operations, plant protection, processing, packaging, storage and related research and development. APEDA will supplement, within its schemes and provisions, the efforts of State Governments for facilitating exports. Click here for a list of the Agri Export Zones. After, a change of government at the centre, a new EXIM Policy of 2004 2009 was announced. This policy came up with export promotional measures such as Towns of Export Excellence, Target Plus, Free Trade and Warehousing Zones and the Vishesh Krishi Upaj Yojana. Here are details on these schemes: Towns of Export Excellence Here, towns in specific areas that produce goods of Rs.250 crores and above in the handloom, agriculture, handicraft and fisheries sector will be notified as Towns of Exports Excellence on the basis of their potential for growth in exports. They will be granted this recognition to maximize their potential, enable them to move higher in the value chain and tap new markets. Target Plus In this scheme, exporters who have attained a large increase in growth of exports would be allowed duty free credit based on incremental exports substantially higher than the general actual export target fixed. Rewards will be granted according to a tiered approach. For incremental growth of over 20, 25 and 100 per cent, the duty free credits would be 5, 10 and 15 per cent of Free on Board (FOB) value of incremental exports. Vishesh Krishi Gram Udyog Yojana It aims to promote exports of fruits, vegetables, flowers, fruits, and other value-added products. This year it has been expanded to include soybean and coconut oil as well as food preparations such as soups. Plus, the benefit of the scheme has been extended to 100 per cent export-oriented units. Import and Export Since Independence, India has made a lot of progress in agriculture in terms of growth in output, yields and area under crops. It has gone through a Green Revolution (food grains), a White Revolution (milk), a Yellow Revolution (oilseeds) and a Blue Revolution (aquaculture). Today, India is one of the largest producers of milk, fruits, cashew nuts, coconuts and tea in the world. It is also well known for the production of wheat, vegetables, sugar, fish, tobacco and rice. Certain types of agriculture such as horticulture, organic farming, floriculture, genetic engineering, packaging and food processing have the potential to see a surge in revenues through exports. Over the past few years, the government has stressed on the development of horticulture and floriculture by creating vital infrastructure for cold storage, refrigerated transportation, packaging, processing and quality control. If India wishes to optimize the production and export potential of these commodities, then it is essential to improve these facilities, marketing and export networks much further. In recent years, the Central Government has offered different fiscal incentives for bettering storage facilities in rural areas. It also provides financial assistance to the State Governments for acquiring and distributing food grains at subsidized rates, especially to families with annual income below the poverty line. Today, the improved availability of bank credit through priority lending, favourable terms of trade and liberalized domestic and external trade for agricultural commodities have also encouraged private players to invest in agriculture. The major thrust of the policies and programmes of the Government of India relating to livestock and fisheries is in the areas of rapid genetic upgradation of milch animals, improvement in the delivery mechanism of breeding inputs, control of animal diseases, creation of disease free zones, increased availability of nutritious feed, development of dairy activities and backyard poultry, development of processing and marketing facilities and enhancement of production and profitability of livestock. Agricultural Exports (External website that opens in a new window) Agricultural exports have shown an increase (External website that opens in a new window) from around Rs.60 billion in 1990 91 to Rs.398 billion in 2005-06. The Governments special efforts to encourage export of food grains in recent years through grant of World Trade Organization (External website that opens in a new window) or WTO compatible subsidies has lead to India becoming one of the leading exporters of food grains in the international market Agricultural Imports (External website that opens in a new window) The imports of agricultural products (External website that opens in a new window) improved from Rs.12 billion in 1990 91 to Rs.220 billion in 2005- 06. The share of agri-imports to total merchandise imports in 2005-06 was 4.59 percent. Edible oil is the single largest agricultural product imported into the country and accounts for around two-thirds of the total agricultural imports. NEW AGRICULTURE POLICY Agriculture is a way of life, a tradition, which, for centuries, has shaped the thought, the outlook, the culture and the economic life of the people of India. Agriculture, therefore, is and will continue to be central to all strategies for planned socio-economic development of the country. Rapid growth of agriculture is essential not only to achieve self-reliance at national level but also for household food security and to bring about equity in distribution of income and wealth resulting in rapid reduction in poverty levels. Indian agriculture has, since Independence, made rapid strides. In taking the annual foodgrains production from 51 million tonnes in early fifties to 206 million tonnes at the turn of the century, it has contributed significantly in achieving self-sufficiency in food and in avoiding food shortages. Over 200 million Indian farmers and farm workers have been the backbone of Indias agriculture. Despite having achieved national food security the well being of the farming community continues to be a matter of grave concern for planners and policy makers. The establishment of an agrarian economy which ensures food and nutrition to Indias billion people, raw materials for its expanding industrial base and surpluses for exports, and a fair and equitable reward system for the farming community for the services they provide to the society, will be the mainstay of reforms in the agriculture sector. The National Policy on Agriculture seeks to actualise the vast untapped growth potential of Indian agriculture, strengthen rural infrastructure to support faster agricultural development, promote value addition, accelerate the growth of agro business, create employment in rural areas, secure a fair standard of living for the farmers and agricultural workers and their families, discourage migration to urban areas and face the challenges arising out of economic liberalization and globalisation. Over the next two decades, it aims to attain: The salient features of the new agricultural policy are: Over 4 per cent annual growth rate aimed over next two decades.. Greater private sector participation through contract farming. Price protection for farmers. National agricultural insurance scheme to be launched. Dismantling of restrictions on movement of agricultural commodities throughout the country. Rational utilisation of countrys water resources for optimum use of irrigation potential. High priority to development of animal husbandry, poultry, dairy and aquaculture. Capital inflow and assured markets for crop production. Exemption from payment of capital gains tax on compulsory acquisition of agricultural land. Minimise fluctuations in commodity prices. Continuous monitoring of international prices. Plant varieties to be protected through a legislation. Adequate and timely supply of quality inputs to farmers. High priority to rural electrification. Setting up of agro-processing units and creation of off-farm employment in rural areas. Sustainable Agriculture The policy will seek to promote technically sound, economically viable, environmentally non-degrading, and socially acceptable use of countrys natural resources land, water and genetic endowment to promote sustainable development of agriculture. Measures will be taken to contain biotic pressures on land and to control indiscriminate diversion of agricultural lands for non-agricultural purposes. The unutilized wastelands will be put to use for agriculture and afforestation. Particular attention will be given for increasing cropping intensity through multiple-cropping and inter-cropping. Rational utilization and conservation of the countrys abundant water resources will be promoted. Conjunctive use of surface and ground water will receive highest priority. Special attention will be focused on water quality and the problem of receding ground-water levels in certain areas as a result of over-exploitation of underground aquifers. Proper on-farm management of water resources for the optimum use of irrigation potential will be promoted. Erosion and narrowing of the base of Indias plant and animal genetic resources in the last few decades has been affecting the food security of the country. Survey and evaluation of genetic resources and safe conservation of both indigenous and exogenously introduced genetic variability in crop plants, animals and their wild relatives will receive particular attention. The use of bio-technologies will be promoted for evolving plants which consume less water, are drought resistant, pest resistant, contain more nutrition, give higher yields and are environmentally safe. Conservation of bio-resources through their ex situ preservation in Gene Banks, as also in situ conservation in their natural habitats through bio-diversity parks, etc., will receive a high priority to prevent their extinction. Specific measures will also be taken to conserve indigenous breeds facing extinction. There will be a time bound programme to list, catalogue and classify countrys vast agro bio-diversity. Sensitization of the farming community with the environmental concerns will receive high priority. Balanced and conjunctive use of bio-mass, organic and inorganic fertilizers and controlled use of agro chemicals through integrated nutrients and pest management (INM IPM) will be promoted to achieve the sustainable increases in agricultural production. A nation-wide programme for utilization of rural and urban garbage, farm residues and organic waste for organic matter repletion and pollution control will be worked out. Agro-forestry and social forestry are prime requisites for maintenance of ecological balance and augmentation of bio-mass production in agricultural systems. Agro-forestry will receive a major thrust for efficient nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, organic matter addition and for improving drainage. Farmers will be encouraged to take up farm/agro-forestry for higher income generation by evolving technology, extension and credit support packages and removing constraints to development of agro and farm forestry. Involvement of farmers and landless labourers will be sought in the development of pastures/forestry programmes on public wastelands by giving financial incentives and entitlements to the usufructs of trees and pastures. The history and traditional knowledge of agriculture, particularly of tribal communities, relating to organic farming and preservation and processing of food for nutritional and medicinal purposes is one of the oldest in the world. Concerted efforts will be made to pool, distil and evaluate traditional practices, knowledge and wisdom and to harness them for sustainable agricultural growth. Food and Nutritional Security Special efforts will be made to raise the productivity and production of crops to meet the increasing demand for food generated by unabated demographic pressures and raw materials for expanding agro-based industries. A regionally differentiated strategy will be pursued, taking into account the agronomic, climatic and environmental conditions to realize the full growth potential of every region. Special attention will be given to development of new crop varieties, particularly of food crops, with higher nutritional value through adoption of bio-technology particularly genetic modification, while addressing bio-safety concerns. A major thrust will be given to development of rainfed and irrigated horticulture, floriculture, roots and tubers, plantation crops, aromatic and medicinal plants, bee-keeping and sericulture, for augmenting food supply, exports and generating employment in rural areas. Availability of hybrid seeds and disease-free planting materials of improved varieties, supported by a network of regional nurseries, tissue culture laboratories, seed farms will be promoted to support systematic development of horticulture having emphasis on increased production, post-harvest management, precision farming, bio-control of pests and quality regulation mechanism and exports. Animal husbandry and fisheries also generate wealth and employment in agriculture sector. Development of animal husbandry, poultry, dairying and aqua-culture will receive a high priority in the efforts for diversifying agriculture, increasing animal protein availability in the food basket and for generating exportable surpluses. A national livestock breeding strategy will be evolved to meet the requirements of milk, meat, egg and livestock products and to enhance the role of draught animals as a source of energy for farming operations and transport. Major thrust will be on genetic upgradation of indigenous/native cattle and buffaloes using proven semen and high quality pedigreed bulls and by expanding artificial insemination network to provide services at the farmers doorstep. Generation and dissemination of appropriate technologies in the field of animal production as also health care to enhance production and productivity levels will be given greater attention. Cultivation of fodder crops and fodder trees will be encouraged to meet the feed and fodder requirements and to improve animal nutrition and welfare. Priority will also be given to improve the processing, marketing and transport facilities, with emphasis on modernization of abattoirs, carcass utilization and value addition thereon. Since animal disease eradication and quarantine is critical to exports, animal health system will be strengthened and disease-free zones created. The involvement of cooperatives and private sector will be encouraged for development of animal husbandry, poultry and dairy. Incentives for livestock and fisheries production activities will be brought at par with incentives for crop production. An integrated approach to marine and inland fisheries, designed to promote sustainable aquaculture practices, will be adopted. Biotechnological application in the field of genetics and breeding, harmonal applications, immunology and disease control will receive particular attention for increased aquaculture production. Development of sustainable technologies for fin and shell fish culture as also pearl-culture, their yield optimization, harvest and post-harvest operations, mechanization of fishing boats, strengthening of infrastructure for production of fish seed, berthing and landing facilities for fishing vessels and development of marketing infrastructure will be accorded high priority. Deep sea fishing industry will be developed to take advantage of the vast potential of countrys exclusive economic zone. Generation and Transfer of Technology A very high priority will be accorded to evolving new location-specific and economically viable improved varieties of agricultural and horticultural crops, livestock species and aquaculture as also conservation and judicious use of germplasm and other bio-diversity resources. The regionalization of agricultural research, based on identified agro-climatic zones, will be accorded high priority. Application of frontier sciences like bio-technology, remote sensing technologies, pre and post-harvest technologies, energy saving technologies, technology for environmental protection through national research system as well as proprietary research will be encouraged. The endeavour will be to build a well organized, efficient and result-oriented agriculture research and education system to introduce technological change in Indian agriculture. Upgradation of agricultural education and its orientation towards uniformity in education standards, women empowerment, user-orientation, vocationalizati on and promotion of excellence will be the hallmark of the new policy.. The research and extension linkages will be strengthened to improve quality and effectiveness of research and extension system. The extension system will be broad-based and revitalized. Innovative and decentralized institutional changes will be introduced to make the extension system farmer-responsible and farmer-accountable. Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Farmers Organizations, Cooperatives, corporate sector and para-technicians in agricultural extension will be encouraged for organizing demand-driven production systems. Development of human resources through capacity building and skill upgradation of public extension functionaries and other extension functionaries will be accorded a high priority. The Government will endeavour to move towards a regime of financial sustainability of extension services through effecting in a phased manner, a more realistic cost recovery of extension services and inputs, while simultaneously safeguarding t he interests of the poor and the vulnerable groups. Mainstreaming gender concerns in agriculture will receive particular attention. Appropriate structural, functional and institutional measures will be initiated to empower women and build their capabilities and improve their access to inputs, technology and other farming resources. Inputs Management Adequate and timely supply of quality inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, bio-pesticides, agricultural machinery and credit at reasonable rates to farmers will be the endeavour of the Government. Soil testing and quality testing of fertilisers and seeds will be ensured and supply of spurious inputs will be checked. Balanced and optimum use of fertilizers will be promoted together with use of organic manures and bio-fertilizers to optimize the efficiency of nutrient use. Development, production and distribution of improved varieties of seeds and planting materials and strengthening and expansion of seed and plant certification system with private sector participation will receive a high priority. A National Seed Grid will be established to ensure supply of seeds especially to areas affected by natural calamities. The National Seeds Corporation (NSC) and State Farms Corporation of India (SFCI) will be restructured for efficient utilization of investment and manpower. Protection to plant varieties through a sui generis legislation, will be granted to encourage research and breeding of new varieties particularly in the private sector in line with Indias obligations under TRIPS Agreement. The farmers will, however, be allowed their traditional rights to save, use, exchange, share and sell their farm saved seeds except as branded seeds of protected varieties for commercial purpose. The interests of the researchers will also be safeguarded in carrying out research on proprietary varieties to develop new varieties. Integrated pest management and use of biotic agents in order to minimize the indiscriminate and injudicious use of chemical pesticides will be the cardinal principle covering plant protection. Selective and eco-friendly farm mechanization through appropriate technology will be promoted, with special reference to rainfed farming to reduce arduous work and to make agriculture efficient and competitive as also to increase crop productivity. Incentives for Agriculture The Government will endeavour to create a favourable economic environment for increasing capital formation and farmers own investments by removal of distortions in the incentive regime for agriculture, improving the terms of trade with manufacturing sectors and bringing about external and domestic market reforms backed by rationalization of domestic tax structure. It will seek to bestow on the agriculture sector in as many respects as possible benefits similar to those obtaining in the manufacturing sector, such as easy availability of credit and other inputs, and infrastructure facilities for development of agri-business industries and development of effective delivery systems and freed movement of agro produce. Consequent upon dismantling of Quantitative Restrictions on imports as per WTO Agreement on Agriculture, commodity-wise strategies and arrangements for protecting the grower from adverse impact of undue price fluctuations in world markets and for promoting exports will be formulated. Apart from price competition, other aspects of marketing such as quality, choice, health and bio-safety will be promoted. Exports of horticultural produce and marine products will receive particular emphasis. A two-fold long term strategy of diversification of agricultural produce and value addition enabling the production system to respond to external environment and creating export demand for the commodities produced in the country will be evolved with a view to providing the farmers incremental income from export earnings. A favourable economic environment and supportive public management system will be created for promotion of agricultural exports. Quarantine, both of exports and imports, will be giv en particular attention so that Indian agriculture is protected from the ingress of exotic pests and diseases. In order to protect the interest of farmers in context of removal of Quantitative Restrictions, continuous monitoring of international prices will be undertaken and appropriate tariffs protection will be provided. Import duties on manufactured commodities used in agriculture will be rationalized. The domestic agricultural market will be liberalized and all controls and regulations hindering increase in farmers income will be reviewed and abolished to ensure that agriculturists receive prices commensurate with their efforts, investment. Restrictions on the movement of agricultural commodities throughout the country will be progressively dismantled. The structure of taxes on foodgrains and other commercial crops will be reviewed and rationalized. Similarly, the excise duty on materials such as farm machinery and implements, fertilizers, etc., used as inputs in agricultural production, post harvest storage and processing will be reviewed. Appropriate measures will be adopted to ensure that agriculturists by and large remain outside the regulatory and tax collection systems. Farmers will be exempted from payment of capital gains tax on compulsory acquisition of agricultural land. Investments in Agriculture The agriculture sector has been starved of capital. There has been a decline in the public sector investment in the agriculture sector. Public investment for narrowing regional imbalances, accelerating development of supportive infrastructure for agriculture and rural development particularly rural connectivity will be stepped up. A time-bound strategy for rationalisation and transparent pricing of inputs will be formulated to encourage judicious input use and to generate resources for agriculture. Input subsidy reforms will be pursued as a combination of price and institutional reforms to cut down costs of these inputs for agriculture. Resource allocation regime will be reviewed with a view to rechannelizing the available resources from support measures towards assets formation in rural sector. A conducive climate will be created through a favourable price and trade regime to promote farmers own investments as also investments by industries producing inputs for agriculture and agro-based industries. Private sector investments in agriculture will also be encouraged more particularly in areas like agricultural research, human resource development, post-harvest management and marketing. Rural electrification will be given a high priority as the prime mover for agricultural development. The quality and availability of electricity supply will be improved and the demand of the agriculture sector will be met adequately in a reliable and cost effective manner. The use of new and renewable sources of energy for irrigation and other agricultural purposes will also be encouraged. Bridging the gap between irrigation potential created and utilized, completion of all on-going projects, restoration and modernization of irrigation infrastructure including drainage, evolving and implementing an integrated plan of augmentation and management of national water resources will receive special attention for augmenting the availability and use of irrigation water. Emphasis will be laid on development of marketing infrastructure and techniques of preservation, storage and transportation with a view to reducing post-harvest losses and ensuring a better return to the grower. The weekly periodic markets under the direct control of Panchayat Raj institutions will be upgraded and strengthened. Direct marketing and pledge financing will be promoted. Producers markets on the lines of Ryatu Bazars will be encouraged throughout the width and breadth of the country. Storage facilities for different kinds of agricultural products will be created in the production areas or nearby places particularly in the rural areas so that the farmers can transport their produce to these places immediately after harvest in shortest possible time. The establishment of cold chains, provision of pre-cooling facilities to farmers as a service and cold storage in the terminal markets and improving the retail marketing arrangements in urban areas, will be given priority. Upgr adation and dissemination of market intelligence will receive particular attention. Setting up of agro-processing units in the producing areas to reduce wastage, especially of horticultural produce, increased value addition and creation of off-farm employment in rural areas will be encouraged. Collaboration between the producer cooperatives and the corporate sector will be encouraged to promote agro-processing industry. An interactive coupling between technology, economy, environment and society will be promoted for speedy development of food and agro-processing industries and building up a substantial base for production of value added agro-products for domestic and export markets with a strong emphasis on food safety and quality. The Small Farmers Agro Business Consortium (SFAC) will be energized to cater to the needs of farmer entrepreneurs and promote public and private investments in agri-business. Institutional Structure Indian agriculture is characterized by pre-dominance of small and marginal farmers. Institutional reforms will be so pursued as to channelize their energies for achieving greater productivity and production. The approach to rural development and land reforms will focus on the following areas: Consolidation of holdings all over the country on the pattern of north-western States; Redistribution of ceiling surplus lands and waste lands among the landless farmers, unemployed youth with initial start-up capital; Tenancy reforms to recognize the rights of the tenants and share croppers; Development of lease markets for increasing the size of holdings by making legal provisions for giving private lands on lease for cultivation and agri-business; Updating and improvement of land records, computerization and issue of land pass-books to the farmers, and Recognition of womens rights in land. The rural poor will be increasingly involved in the implementation of land reforms with the help of Panchayati Raj Institutions, Voluntary Groups, Social Activists and Community Leaders. Private sector participation will be promoted through contract farming and land leasing arrangements to allow accelerated technology transfer, capital inflow and assured markets for crop production, especially of oilseeds, cotton and horticultural crops. Progressive institutionalization of rural and farm credit will be continued for providing timely and adequate credit to farmers. The rural credit institutions will be geared to promote savings, investments and risk management. Particular attention will be paid to removal of distortions in the priority sector lending by commercial banks for agriculture and rural sectors. Special measures will be taken for revamping of cooperatives to remove institutional and financial weaknesses and evolving simplified procedure for sanction and disbursement of agriculture credit. The endeavour will be to ensure distribution equity in the disbursement of credit. Micro-credit will be promoted as an effective tool for alleviating poverty. Self Help Group Bank linkage system, suited to Indian rural sector, will be developed as a supplementary mechanism for bringing the rural poor

Faulners The Bear :: essays research papers

In many books, there are characters that are written into the story to show the strengths of the main character. In this case it is Ike who because of Boon we see as a main his weaknesses and his strengths. Ike is a young boy who has just come unto the age of a hunter. He’s first time at the camp we see that Ike is a strong young boy whose main fault is his youth. However we meat Boon in the beginning of the story and slowly through out the story we learn that Boon is not perfect and that he is related to Sam Fathers, who is Ike’s teacher. Ike like all main characters show some prevalence over the thing, which holds him back, the woods. Ike slowly becomes a great woodsmen and tracker. Boon is still a man verging on hunter but not one because he doesn’t have the ability to be patient and non-violent when he kills. Ike runs into the indestructible bear Old Ben two times in his growth towards manhood but never with the intention to kill him. So, Ike who Sam Fathers and maybe even Ike himself thought would kill the bear did not get to. Ike even though not able to kill the bear becomes an awesome tracker and a great woodsman. He says at one point in the book that he knows the woods better then Sam Fathers. Ike is slowly becoming not only a man but also a hunter. He loves the wilderness and has gone into the woods with nothing except his close and come back out fine, This is to prove though that even in his youth Ike is a great hunter and that it is his right to kill the bear and not anyone elses, however Faulner decided that Boon should kill the bear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boon ends up killing the bear that everyone thought was invincible with a knife which seems very much the way a real hunter would have done it, this shows that Boon in his own way is a hunter and not a straggler who just hangs around the camp for free drink. Since boon killed the bear, he becomes insane and once more becomes a pygmy as Faulkner says. Someone who is afraid of the woods and kills with the intent to kill not eat.

Mona in the Promised Land By Gish Jen Essay

Cultural clashes are one of the defining marks of the early centuries wherein racial, ethnic and cultural difference are the most debated issues. Long before the entrance of globalization in the global scene, different nation-states did not really have the chance of making close relationships with their neighboring states especially when their cultures are the exact opposite of theirs. And for this reason, they tried to isolate themselves from other countries (or at most have communication or somewhat have indirect relationship toward other states that have almost similar culture and tradition) so as to preserve their cultural heritage. Fagan) But upon the outbreak of WW1 and WW2, culture, race and ethnicity became one of the pivotal prices that changed the world structure and order. On the other hand, the occurrence of the said world wars and the introduction of the concept of globalization were not the primordial root of such cultural clashes. Even during the time of the establishment of the first civilizations in almost all regions of the world, conflicts that were defined or motivated by cultural struggles were already preponderant. Hence, there is this historical origin of the said problem. Culture, Race and Ethnicity Culture is considered as a way of life. It implies that whatever man does or acts or believes it is its culture. Traditions and customs are subsets of culture. Even before an individual was born, there was already a defined culture to which he was already belonged. This culture was given to him by either his parents or his environment (or even both). Having this fact, a person cannot really say that he has chosen a particular culture for himself. But what is really true is that he was anticipated to adapt his parents and/or his environment’s culture. And only as he progresses or as he grows up that he exposes himself to other culture and tries to make some modifications on his possessed culture. Thus, one can be influenced by other foreign cultures. And that he can assimilate those cultures as he pleases. But the original cultural that he owns cannot really be thrown away. It sticks to one person as long as he lives. (Bolaffi) Race defines how man’s biological, sociological and cultural features are structured. Be it an American, an Asian or a European. But among the races that which suffers a lot are the races of the Blacks (the Africans). During the struggle of the Black-Americans regarding the slavery issue, they were perceived as the race that which is the most inferior (for they believed then that the standard for superiority can be measured through the color of the skin). As a result of such conception, the Blacks were badly maltreated and their dignity was really degraded. Historically, the Blacks received the most numbered and prominent manifestations of racial discrimination. (Bolaffi) Ethnicity comes into the picture as subset of culture (as stated earlier in this paper). It goes with the idea that every individual is either belonged to a single group which has the same affiliation and identity as that individual or has a two or more ethnic origins. That which is very evident in the concept of ethnicity is the belief that there is this one single historical origin that is common to all those members of a particular ethnic group. And as branch of culture, it entails traditions and customs as well as practices and beliefs that are exclusive to each ethnic group. (Bolaffi) Now imagine when one tries to penetrate a particular culture that is defined by a singular and specific race and ethnicity. Surely, clash of cultural differences and ideologies will arise. But such adaption to different cultures and varied customs and traditions is not really impossible. As mentioned earlier, one can define his culture by either adapting his parents’ culture or by adapting his environment’s culture. However, the latter poses much struggle and criticisms not only for individuals but also for nation-states (especially those that suffered from colonialism). On the Novel: Mona in the Promised Land  The novel was all about a girl named Mona (a half Chinese and half American) who was become so enthralled with the Jewish society that she declared that she would convert herself into Jew. Such was the conflict of the story. She was Chinese-American and yet she wanted to belong herself in the Jewish tradition and belief. That is the very thing that signaled her own conflict with her father. (Jen) Mona situated herself into a large circle of people. She was with Americans, Chinese, Japanese, Blacks and Jews. She learned and discovered many things about the different cultures that her companions and circle of friends have. At any rate she appreciated those cultures. Being a Chinese-American she knows well that her ethnic origins were somewhat in conflict. Nonetheless it did not undermine her will to live the life that she wanted. The stories that were revealed to her by the Black people inspired her to be proud of her race. Unfortunately when he became so much in tuned of the Jewish religion/tradition, her life became so much criticized not only by other people who used to sit with her and have talks but also of her own family – especially his father. Although their family – her mother and mother and herself – was more distinguished as Chinese, her father wanted her to act and project herself as a full-pledged American. Americanization became her father’s everyday reminder for her. As a result, the structure of their family, their beliefs and practices and their characters were Americanized. And that was her parents’ want. However, even if she was born in American she refused to pretend and act like a true-blooded American whom she was really not. She tried to discover her own culture. But his did not mean that she would have to throw away her original culture and solely embrace a foreign culture. This only suggested that she would establish her own preferred culture or belong herself to her chosen culture and would not try hard to be someone else just to fit in with other standards (like that of the American attitude). The climax of the story was when Mona finally declared to her parents that she would convert herself into the Jewish religion. Her father was totally against such conversion. Her family especially her father believed that the being a Jew would only make her life miserable and inferior to others. Her father believed that the American culture was the most superior culture even with that of their Chinese culture. He mentioned the entire things that the American culture brought into this world like those of the more and recent technological advancements. Yet, Mona did not bend with that argumentation. The novel revealed the undeniable role of religion in shaping the culture of a particular individual. As what was described in it, Mona found the Jewish religion as more like of her own principles and beliefs. She absorbed the Jewish doctrines and practices the way she wanted. It did not become hard for her to understand and appreciate the Jewish tradition since she was at first exposed to different cultures. But the very thing that made her decide to make herself belong in that Jewish religion is that she was in the Jewish community such that their influence was really irresistible. Not only that. It was very hard for her to stick to her original culture when all that she had was its exact opposite. The bottom line was that she pursued such conversion and lived the Jewish way. The moral lesson of the story (if it can be classified as one) is that a particular thing does not really assure you of the happiness that it could offer only through its tag or label. But what really matters is that you really like that thing and that there is nothing that pushes you to pick such choice. In short, happiness comes if a person willfully chooses it. Historical, Sociological and Political Issues The Americanization Since the coming of the globalization period, Westernization, particularly Americanization was a big issue. What does it take to be Americanized? And what is the trade-off of becoming an Americanized person? There is this big assumption that America is the world’s most superior race. Being the world’s sole superpower, people regard American culture to be the only culture that could give the people a better life (just like how Mona’s parents believed). Political stability, great economic standing and supreme influence among nations and states in the world, are the characteristics that best describe America. However, America is neither an ideal state nor a perfect sanctuary for all people. (O’Dell) America is branded as the melting pot of the world (world’s culture). This is the place wherein people of different races and different culture can freely live and pursue their goals in life without being constrained. But that is only a loose description. America surely offers and provides the world with so many things for development and progress. However, isn’t it overgeneralization to say that American culture is the best culture among other cultures in the world? Let us say that American people do not really claim such. However, other cultures regard such thing as truth. The result is that people in the world idolizes and patronizes American culture having this conception that if they would try to live the American life then their lives would really improved and they would live in prosperity. But such is only a misconception. A person can make himself improve and progress regardless of his cultural inclinations, and racial and ethnic origins. But then it still goes with the idea that the society does not limit its citizens to showcase their interests, talents and capabilities as well as their personal beliefs. In relation with the novel, Mona was constrained by her father and told that converting herself into Jewish would make her life miserable. But then Mona believed that by his faith, her life would be at peace and would be secured. Choosing a religion is a right (with reference to the Universal Declaration of Rights). And having it as a right would mean that such would not badly affect the lives of individuals. And such would not be used as standard for looking at a person’s life. Perhaps most Americans cannot be termed as pure Americans. By appealing to their original cultures, traditions and customs, Americans can be seen as a very general form of culture that which is also comprised of different cultures. The Chinese Principle Historically speaking, Chinese was known as the main land in Asia. Being revered and served by other nations. It has been said that the Chinese people regard themselves as the supreme race in the whole Asia such that everyone should pay respect and look at every Chinese with veneration. China termed those nations beyond its kingdom as barbarians. It implies that China is the central and the sole bearer of power and authority in Asia. However such conception about China was erased when it was attacked and conquered by the Western nations. No matter how China received tragic experiences and great insults from the Western conquerors, China never regard herself as a conquered and defeated nation. It preserves such principle by inculcating in the minds of all the Chinese people the great and rich history of their Chinese culture. It inspires every Chinese to be more proud of their cultural heritage even if their physical features are really different from the Western features. Nonetheless, not all Chinese remain loyal with such principle. Some Chinese people consider adapting the culture of the other nations so as to improve their way of living. In the novel, Mona’s father can be regarded as on of those Chinese people who would put aside his Chinese pride and dignity in order to assure him a life of prosperity in the cradle of the American culture. Well, it is not really bad to adapt to foreign culture as long as it would not mean a re-identification of oneself. It means that as long as a person accepts and recognizes his authentic origins while making some modifications in his cultural belief it does not entail a total denial of the original culture. Mona did not really deny her Chinese heritage. She is even proud to be a Chinese. On the other hand, Mona did not see herself as a solid Chinese whose beliefs and practices are confined with the ancient and traditional Chinese religions. She rather saw herself as a person whom can only grow in the arms of the Jewish religion. For Mona, such conversion was no big deal. But for her parents it was really a form of infidelity to her cultural heritage (well, her father did not really appear as someone who advocated Chinese principles and ideologies but more of a person who wanted to make Mona a full turned-American person). As for the story, the Chinese side of Mona and her parent was not really highlighted. It played a very little role that it could not be even considered as a principal source of cultural conflict that was evident in the novel. Mona in the Arms of the Jewish Tradition Mona rather chose Jewish culture and tradition than making herself absorbed and lived the American culture. For Mona, it was not if one was an American, a Chinese, a Black or a Jew, the most important thing was that you know what is right and you did not step on anyone’s foot. Living in such principle she pursued her life the Jewish way. Judaism is the religion of the Jews. It is a monotheistic religion since it believes and advocates that there is only one God. And this God is the supreme legislator of laws. He is the Divine Creator whom created the world and its order. And that mankind committed sin against this Supreme Entity. The only way for them to be saved from those sins is to be united with God by living a good life – and that life is illustrated by the Jewish culture. (Sarna) There is really nothing wrong with Mona’s decision of converting herself into a Jew. Her personal belief and her faith cannot really be managed by other people but only by herself. Her father was only in opposition with her decision primarily because he thought that if Mona would really move towards the Jewish way of life, she might be lost because of her initial Chinese and American culture. Having both Chinese and American culture is really a struggle for any person. It would be more complicated if one would include the Jewish culture, and that is exactly what the clash of the cultures suggests. To end this paper, the historical, sociological and political issues that can be drawn from the novel are really directed toward diversity and conflict among cultures in the world. There is really no possible way that culture can be universalized or standardized. However, such cultural differences can be managed by simply paying respect to other cultures that have different structure and tradition from one’s own culture. Only then that people would really resolve such conflict regarding the clash of cultures.

Childrens Stories About Being Yourself

Children's Stories About Being Yourself The ancient Greek storyteller Aesop is credited with crafting scores of tales with valuable moral lessons. Many of them still resonate today, including the following tales about being yourself. Pretense Is Only Skin Deep Aesops fables tell us that nature will shine through no matter what package you put it in. Theres no point in pretending to be something youre not because the truth will eventually come out, either by accident or by force. The Cat and Venus. A cat falls in love with a man and begs  Venus to change her into a woman. Venus complies, and the man and cat-woman are married. But when Venus tests her by dropping a mouse into the room, the cat-woman leaps up to chase it. The cat can change her appearance, but not her nature.The Ass in the Lions Skin. A donkey puts on a lions skin and runs around the jungle scaring the other animals. But when he opens his mouth, his bray gives him away.The Vain Jackdaw. Dressing in the discarded feathers of other birds, a jackdaw almost convinces Jupiter to appoint him king of the birds. But the other birds strip him of his disguise and reveal his true nature.The Cat and the Birds. A cat, hearing that the birds are ill, dresses as a doctor and offers his help. The birds, seeing through his disguise, reply that theyre fine and will continue to be so if he will only leave. After all, the birds have a lot more at stake than the cat does. The Dangers of Pretense Aesops fables also warn us that trying to be something youre not can alienate others. The protagonists in these tales end up worse off than if they had just accepted themselves. The Jackdaw and the Doves. A jackdaw paints his feathers white because he likes the looks of the doves food. But they catch on to him and chase him away. When he goes back to eat with the other jackdaws, they don’t recognize his white feathers, so they, too, chase him away. Guess who ends up hungry.The Jay and the Peacock.  This story is similar to The Jackdaw and the Doves, but instead of desiring food, the jay just wants to strut like a proud peacock. The other jays watch the whole thing, disgusted, and refuse to welcome him back.The Eagle and the Jackdaw. A jackdaw, envious of the eagle, tries to behave like one. But without the eagles skills, he gets himself into a sticky situation and ends up as a pet for children, his wings clipped.The Raven and the Swan. A raven who wants to be as beautiful as a swan becomes so obsessed with cleansing his feathers that he moves away from his food source and starves to death. Oh, and his feathers stay black.The Ass and the Grasshopper.   This story is similar to The Raven and the Swan. A donkey, hearing some grasshoppers chirping, jumps to the conclusion that their voices must be a result of their diet. He resolves to eat nothing but dew, and consequently starves. Be Yourself Aesop also has a host of fables designed to demonstrate that we should all be resigned to our station in life and not aspire to anything greater. Foxes should be subservient to lions. Camels shouldnt try to be cute like monkeys. Monkeys shouldnt try to learn to fish. A donkey should put up with a terrible master because he could always have an even worse one.  These arent great lessons for modern children. But Aesops stories about avoiding pretense (and not starving yourself for beauty) still seem relevant today.

German Word Aus Can Be a Prefix and Preposition

German Word 'Aus' Can Be a Prefix and Preposition The preposition aus is very useful in German and is used frequently, both by itself and in combination with other words. It is always followed by the dative  case. The word is also frequently used as a prefix. The original meaning of the preposition aus was not only ‘outside’ and to exit’, the same as it means today, but ‘going up’ as well. Here are today’s main meanings of aus defined, followed by common nouns and expressions with aus. Aus in the Sense of ‘From Somewhere’ In some instances, aus is used to express ‘from somewhere’, such as when stating what country or place somebody is from. In those German sentences, the verb kommen (come) or stammen (originate) needs to be used, whereas in English that is not so. Ich komme aus Spanien. (I’m from Spain.)Ich stamme aus Deutschland. (I’m from Germany.) In other uses of aus as in ‘from somewhere’, the same verb in both languages will be used. Ich trinke aus einem Glas. (I am drinking from a glass.)Ich hole meine Jacke aus dem Klassenzimmer. (I’m getting my jacket from the classroom.)Er kommt aus der Ferne (He comes from a distance.) Aus in the Sense of ‘Made Out Of Aus welchem Material ist deine Bluse? (Whats your blouse made of?)Was wird aus Altpapier gemacht? (What is made out of recycled paper?) Aus in the Sense of ‘Out of/ Coming Out Of’ Sie geht aus dem Haus jetzt. (She is coming out of the house now.)Das kleine Kind ist beinahe aus dem Fenster gefallen. (The small child almost fell out of the window.) Aus in the Sense of ‘Out of/ Because Of/ Due to’ Er hat es aus persà ¶nlichen Grà ¼nden abgesagt. (He  canceled for [due to]  personal reasons.)Deine Mutter tat es aus Liebe. (Your mother did it out of love.)​ When  Aus  is Used as a Prefix Aus  as a prefix often keeps its main meaning ‘out of’ in many words. In English most of these words start with the prefix ‘ex’: Aus Nouns and Their English Equivalents die Ausnahme  - exceptionder Ausgang  - the exitdie Auslage  - expensesdas Auskommen  - the livelihooddie Ausfahrt  - the (highway) exit; to go for a driveder Ausflug  - the outingder Ausweg  - the solutiondie Ausrede  - the excuseder Ausdruck  - the expressiondie Aussage  - the statementdie Ausstellung  - the exhibitiondie Auskunft  - informationdas Ausrufezeichen  - the exclamation pointdie Ausbeutung  - exploitationder Ausblick  - the viewder Ausbruch  - the escape; the outbreakder Auslnder  - the foreignerdie Ausdehnung  - the expansionder Auspuff  - the exhaust Aus Verbs and Their English Equivalents ausgehen  - to go outausleeren  - to empty outausloggen  I to log offausflippen  - to flip out, to lose itausfragen  - to questionausbrechen  - to break out; to throw upausgeben  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ to give outausfà ¼llen  - to fill outausbuchen  - to book (a flight etc.)ausdà ¼nnen  - to thin outauslassen  - to leave outausgleichen  - to even outauskommen  - to manageauslachen  - to laugh at somebodyausmachen  - to turn/ switch offauspacken  - to unpackauslà ¼ften  - to air out Other Aus Words auseinander  (adv.) - separatedausgenommen  (conj.) - exceptausdauernd  (adj., adv.) – perservering; persistentlyausfà ¼hrlich  (adj., adv.) - detailed, thoroughlyausdrà ¼cklich  (adj., adv.) – express, expressly  ausgezeichnet  (adj.; adv.) – excellent  (ly) Aus Expressions/Ausdrà ¼cke aus Versehen  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ by accidentaus dem Zusammenhang ausreißen  - to take out of contextaus der Mode  - out of fashionaus dem Gleichgewicht  - out of balanceaus folgendem Grund  - for the following reasonaus der Sache wird nichts  - nothing will come out of itaus sein  - to be out Die Schule ist aus! (School is out!)aus Spaß  - out of fun

Juan Gines de Sepulveda and Bartolome de Las Casas essays

Juan Gines de Sepulveda and Bartolome de Las Casas essays When Columbus discovered the New World, he reported that the inhabitants, although intelligent, had no significant weapons. Therefore, they could be easily conquered and enslaved. The Indians were needed to be laborers for the Spaniards in their search for gold in the New World. Their suppression of the Indians was justified to European leaders on two grounds: (a) their labor was required in order to obtain gold and other wealth; (b) they were uncivilized people who would be rewarded by being given access to a more advanced religion. This began the conquests and the destruction of a civilization. It also brought about the debate of human rights and the civilized treatment of other races. Philosophical discussions occurred, and these two articles are a noted example of the ideas and beliefs that were deliberated. The contrast between these two historical documents is quite apparent. To find the similarities, one has to search a bit deeper. Bartolome de Las Casas was a missionary/priest and known as a defender of the oppressed. Juan Gines de Sepulveda was a prominent and influential Spanish philosopher of the 16th century. Both men preached their opinions about the inhabitants of the New World, however their ideas were as different as night and day. Their perceptions of the native inhabitants formulated their opposing views on how the Spaniards should treat them. The most obvious difference between the two authors is that Sepulveda thinks very little of the Native Americans, while Las Casas thought of the Indians as people with potential to do great things. They just needed a little help and guidance from the Europeans. Sepulveda believed that the Spanish had a right to rule the new world because they were superior. He states that the Spaniards were wise, talented, humane, and religious. He branded the Indians with such terms as barbarians, cannibals, murderers, and cowards. Sepulveda subscribed to the Aristotelian hierarchical th...

First Assignment Paper in English II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

First Assignment Paper in English II - Essay Example However, one can expect twists and differences in the narration if the story were told by some other member of the family (her father, mother, or brothers), depending on the changes in their perspectives and points of view. There are many narrative techniques such as the first person narration, the third person narration, and techniques such as the interior monologue and the stream of consciousness. While the third person omniscient is referred to as â€Å"having unlimited knowledge† (Schakel & Ridl 104) regarding the events, all the other narrative techniques have their own advantages and disadvantages. The narrator, in the story, is constructed by the author herself and the fact that Cisneros also â€Å"shared Esperanza’s sense of dislocation and lack of permanence† tend many to consider Esperanza as the ‘persona’ (‘first person narrator who seems to speak directly for the author’) of the author herself (Schakel & Ridl 101). A clear understanding of the point of view of the story calls for special â€Å"attention to the person telling the story and the perspective from which it is told† (Schakel & Ridl 101). The power of the story lies in the art of narration-narrating the story through a child’s perspective who is unaware of the actual problems the household faces such as poverty, class distinctions, housing patterns and the power of landlords (Schakel & Ridl 108). It is important to understand the ‘vantage point’ from which the narrator tells the story and an effective reader should be able to grasp the inside and outside of the narrator’s perspective. Similarly, the past events narrated by the narrator also are significant to understand the central idea or theme of the story. The narrator is somewhat happy that the house on the mango street is theirs and that they â€Å"don’t have to pay rent to anybody,

Biochemistry Research Essay Paper on MUcolipidoses Diseases ( EXPLAIN

Biochemistry Essay on MUcolipidoses Diseases ( EXPLAIN BRIEFLY) - Research Paper Example Mucolipidosis type 1 (ML 1) known as sialidosis occurs because of a deficiency in sialidase, a critical digestive enzyme. According to Smith, (2013) the rare disease is an inheritation of a defect involving storage by lysosomes. For the cells to function properly glycoproteins should be free from molecules that have sugar content. Sialidase in particular assists in removing sialic acid from forms of sugar proteins (Miedel, 2008). Due to the deficiency of the enzyme, results in molecular that resemble sugar settling in not only the cells but also the neurons and the bone marrow. The body of the individuals becomes incapable of fighting infections. The defect is quite similar to mucopolysaccharidoses. Mucolipidosis 2 alpha or beta, is a disease that interferes with diverse body parts to the extent of killing the victims. Patients had some phase-dense intracytoplasmic content in the fibroblasts creating incusion in the cell (Vuong & Berry, 2002). Studies indicate that individuals with the defect do not make it to the teenage. Mucolipidosis type 3 is quite similar to Mucolipidosis type 2 in that it affects many body parts. Mucolipidosis type 3 involves a deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (Smith, 2013). The enzyme is instrumental as it focuses on the carbohydrates in the glycoproteins. The absence of the enzyme makes the glycoproteins to get stored outside the lysosomes. Type 4 results from autosomal and recessive genetic disorder. As part of the defects that involve the storage of components in the lysosomes, ML 4 entails the inability of body cells to manufacture enzymes necessary for breaking down various components (Agarwal & Gass, 2012). The body becomes unable to transfer lipids as well as other materials in the cells. This leads to the lipids to settling within the body as well as the cells (Miedel, 2008). Both the brain and the nervous system suffer because of the disease thereby reducing the life

Police Racial Profiling Has Become a Growing Problem in the Fairfield Essay

Police Racial Profiling Has Become a Growing Problem in the Fairfield County of Connecticut - Essay Example Connecticut is a state in the US in which police racial profiling has drastically increased. In towns like Milford, Stratford, Fairfield, Westport and Greenwich racial profiling has increased to a dangerous extent. Despite the increasing issue of racial profiling, the nation is showing little concern over this issue. According to latest researches, it was found out that blacks and Latinos are 30 times more likely to be stopped and searched by the police without any serious reason and suspicion than the whites. And this figure has increased within the past year. The minorities in any area are usually the ones who suffer from racial profiling. It is generally believed that the minorities of a nation are the ones who are involved in causing riots, thefts, robbery and car snatching. In Fairfield county racial discrimination is extremely alarming. Most of the towns in Connecticut have a population consisting mostly of blacks and Latinos and, therefore, police racial profiling is very comm on in these areas. The whites and blacks still live apart from each other in these areas and do not prefer to make friends with each other (Holbert 2004). The government has made promises that they will eliminate police racial profiling in the US and make sure that all citizens of the country are secure and safe. But the government has failed to do so. Not white people are still now and then stopped and inquired without any reason. This has increased the feeling of hostility among the blacks and Latinos for the white people and, as a result, they try to make troubles for the white people in order to take revenge. Many riots that have occurred in the previous years were mostly because of racial profiling. The black people demand to have some self-respect and when the police stop and search them without a search warrant and any solid reason just because they are black, they feel exceedingly insulted and this increases the feeling of hatred for the white (Holbert 2004). As a safety pre caution, the black people teach their children that they must take extra care while stopped by a police because if a black misbehaves with the latter, they can easily make it a serious issue and can even get you jailed on this petty offense. It is found that for the same offense a white will be exempted whereas a black can be severely punished for the same issue. So a black must be extra careful while confronting the police. Although statistics clearly show that these are not the blacks who are majorly involved in keeping illegal weapons and having drugs, but about 70% of drug users were found to be white as compared to only 15% black and 8% Latino. It is the duty of law enforcement agencies to protect people without any discrimination, but when the former practise racial profiling, people will not feel secure and safe. Following such practice, it is assumed that the whites are the people who abide by the law whereas blacks and Latinos are criminals, although this is not true. The w hite people know that they are free to do whatever they like because the police will never catch them for little issues. So it is now observed that the white people are greatly getting involved in street crimes day by day and carrying drugs and illegal weapons with them. To improve the relationships among people, the police and law enforcement agencies it is necessary for people to be satisfied with the performance of the police and only then people

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Acting & Performance in Film - Essay Example This essay discusses various tools of the craft of acting as used by Louise Fletcher in the Film One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest and Kieu Chinh in the film Joy Luck Club. Lastly, the researcher of this essay also highlights some of the similarities and differences of their choice of acting tools. Some of the main tools commonly used by actors and actresses in the contemporary film industry and discussed in this essay by the researcher are endowment, relationships, display of emotions, character private moments, action (verbal and physical) and personalization. The researcher firstly discusses important stylistic acting tools, that were used by Louse Fletcher in her role as nurse Ratchet, such as her heightened language and many else. The researcher states that this important tools used by her not only show the development of her character, but also captures the theme of tyranny, that was presented in the film. In addition to that, the researcher also discusses acting tools tha t were used by Kieu Chinh, who is a famous Vietnamese American actress best known for her role as Suyuan Woo in the film The Joy Luck Club. The film, which was produced in 1993, is largely about the clash between Chinese and American cultures as evidenced in the complex relationships between Chinese-American women and their conservative Chinese mothers. To conclude, the researcher provides a detailed comparison on the topic of differences and similarities in the acting choices of Louse Fletcher and Kieu Chinh.

Wal-Marts Sustainability Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Wal-Marts Sustainability Strategy - Essay Example However, this proves to be more complex, considering that continuous supply of the seafood is the greatest challenge faced by Wal-Mart, according to Peter Redmond, who is its vice President (Wal-Mart, n.d. p1). Since some of the fish are found seasonally, for example the Salmons, which are only available between May and September of every year, maintaining their coViceuous supply is a big challenge. Additionally, the availability of these types of fish is, still low even during their season, and thus Fishin’ Company, based in the US has been contracted to supply Wal-Mart with frozen fish fillets. Commercial fishing of the Salmons is also regulated by the law, where it is allowed only to operators with permits, and during specified seasons. Thus, Wal-Mart has to seek a strategy for obtaining the certification of its boat operators from the Marine Stewardship Council, to enhance a sustainable channel of maintaining regular supply of the Salmons, and thus meet the growing seafood demand. The major challenge that Wal-Mart is facing is the shortage of supply of the seafood. The output of the world’s fisheries es had declined by 3% since 1900, yet the demand for the seafood from Wal-Mart is constantly growing at the rate of 25% every year (Wal-Mart, n.d. p1). Therefore, the looming scenario in this case is that; while the demand for the products seem to be continuously growing, its supply seems to be consistently reducing, which raises the concern of how Wal-Mart will be able to meet the needs of its customers, while at the same time taking advantage of the growing seafood business. Several alternatives are available through which this gap can be minimized, considering that Wal-Mart can liaise with the boat operators and the suppliers to ensure increased supply of the seafood.

To develop an understanding of what has happened in Brazil or Canada Assignment

To develop an understanding of what has happened in Brazil or Canada or China over the last two years - Assignment Example It is important to point out that Canada strategized on the way forward as far as the aforementioned achievements are concerned. In particular, Canada targeted economic transformation for better economic results, enhanced domestic and international partnerships, and effective resource management by the government through the central bank (Fitzpatrick, 2014). These strategies further sought the collaboration and involvement of the Canadian people as the sole beneficiaries of the government’s economic efforts. Successful running of the Canadian economy is evident through the effective and efficient balance between the outlined economic goals and strategies. With objectives and strategies at hand, the government moved to implement its operations in regards to enhancing Canada’s economic performance. The first move was directed towards government institutions that serve the Canadian society at different levels. In this move, the critical factor was Canada’s diverse society. The government mobilized resources through its agencies to reach out to the people and promote diversity, and inclusion. In essence, every member of the society was crucial in the recent Canadian economic transformation. Secondly, the government and all its agencies support the notion of cooperative relationships. Different players in the economy contribute to national economic progress, an aspect that led the government to reconsider its relationship with these parties. As a result, the government, through the central bank, set aside adequate resources that further develop a relationship of cooperation and collaboration. The outcome was more cohesive and consistent economic progress in many sectors of the Canadian economy. Most importantly, the last two years saw the Canadian government enhance its practice of treaty management for strong economic growth (OECD, 2014). In essence, treaty management encompasses agreements that are

Acting & Performance in Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Acting & Performance in Film - Essay Example This essay discusses various tools of the craft of acting as used by Louise Fletcher in the Film One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest and Kieu Chinh in the film Joy Luck Club. Lastly, the researcher of this essay also highlights some of the similarities and differences of their choice of acting tools. Some of the main tools commonly used by actors and actresses in the contemporary film industry and discussed in this essay by the researcher are endowment, relationships, display of emotions, character private moments, action (verbal and physical) and personalization. The researcher firstly discusses important stylistic acting tools, that were used by Louse Fletcher in her role as nurse Ratchet, such as her heightened language and many else. The researcher states that this important tools used by her not only show the development of her character, but also captures the theme of tyranny, that was presented in the film. In addition to that, the researcher also discusses acting tools tha t were used by Kieu Chinh, who is a famous Vietnamese American actress best known for her role as Suyuan Woo in the film The Joy Luck Club. The film, which was produced in 1993, is largely about the clash between Chinese and American cultures as evidenced in the complex relationships between Chinese-American women and their conservative Chinese mothers. To conclude, the researcher provides a detailed comparison on the topic of differences and similarities in the acting choices of Louse Fletcher and Kieu Chinh.

To develop an understanding of what has happened in Brazil or Canada Assignment

To develop an understanding of what has happened in Brazil or Canada or China over the last two years - Assignment Example It is important to point out that Canada strategized on the way forward as far as the aforementioned achievements are concerned. In particular, Canada targeted economic transformation for better economic results, enhanced domestic and international partnerships, and effective resource management by the government through the central bank (Fitzpatrick, 2014). These strategies further sought the collaboration and involvement of the Canadian people as the sole beneficiaries of the government’s economic efforts. Successful running of the Canadian economy is evident through the effective and efficient balance between the outlined economic goals and strategies. With objectives and strategies at hand, the government moved to implement its operations in regards to enhancing Canada’s economic performance. The first move was directed towards government institutions that serve the Canadian society at different levels. In this move, the critical factor was Canada’s diverse society. The government mobilized resources through its agencies to reach out to the people and promote diversity, and inclusion. In essence, every member of the society was crucial in the recent Canadian economic transformation. Secondly, the government and all its agencies support the notion of cooperative relationships. Different players in the economy contribute to national economic progress, an aspect that led the government to reconsider its relationship with these parties. As a result, the government, through the central bank, set aside adequate resources that further develop a relationship of cooperation and collaboration. The outcome was more cohesive and consistent economic progress in many sectors of the Canadian economy. Most importantly, the last two years saw the Canadian government enhance its practice of treaty management for strong economic growth (OECD, 2014). In essence, treaty management encompasses agreements that are

Market Orientation Benefit an Organization Essay Example for Free

Market Orientation Benefit an Organization Essay Definition of Market Orientation : A business approach or philosophy that focuses on identifying and meeting the stated or hidden needs or wants of customers. See also product orientation and sales orientation. Market orientation perspectives include the decision-making perspective, market intelligence perspective, culturally based behavioral perspective, strategic perspective. Developing a Market Orientation: An Organizational Strategy Perspective. International Journal of Research in Marketing, and customer orientation perspective. Corporate culture, customer orientation, According to them, the marketing concept is a business philosophy, whereas the term market orientation refers to the actual implementation of the marketing concept. They added that a market orientation appears to provide a unifying focus for the efforts and projects of individuals and departments within the organization. On the other hand, the market orientation as the organization culture that most effectively and efficient creates the necessary behaviours for the creation of superior value for buyers and, thus, continuous superior performance for the business. As such, they consider market orientation as an organisational culture consisting of three behavioral components, namely, i) customer orientation, ii) competitor orientation and iii) interfunctional coordination. Product Orientation : A business approach or philosophy in which whatever a company makes or supplies is the focus of the managements attention. See also market orientation and sales orientation. Customer Orientation : 1. General: A party that receives or consumes products (goods or services) and has the ability to choose between different products and suppliers. See also buyer. 2. Quality control: Entity within a firm who establishes the requirement of a process (accounting, for example) and receives the output of that process (a financial statement, for example) from one or more internal or external suppliers. An organizations strategy that combines all of its marketing goals into one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from market research and focus on the right product mix in order to achieve the maximum profit potential and sustain the business. The marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan 1. General: A motivating force that compels action for its satisfaction. Needs range from basic survival needs (common to all human beings) satisfied by necessities, to cultural, intellectual, and social needs (varying from place to place and age group to age group) satisfied by necessaries. Needs are finite but, in contrast, wants (which spring from desires or wishes) are boundless. See also Maslows hierarchy of needs. 2. Marketing: A driver of human action which marketers try to identify, emphasize, and satisfy, and around which promotional efforts are organized. Sales Orientation : A business approach or philosophy that focuses on promoting sales of whatever a company makes or supplies, through marketing and sales calls. See also market orientation and product orientation.

Analyze The Economy Of Mexico Economics Essay

Analyze The Economy Of Mexico Economics Essay Introduction In this report, we will analyze the economy of Mexico. The following steps would bring you to understand more about this place. According to those information, you will know how the economy growing in Mexico, the value of place and learn something from here. First, we would like to introduce the place about its information background. Then, we talk about the hospitality industry and leisure in the world and the hospitality industry and leisure in Mexico as well. The PESTLE analysis of Mexicos environment, investment in private and public also deal with and deep realize the income of Mexico that including the hospitality income, tourism income, personal income and employment price. To make the discuss that the economic development from 2000 until now. Then we will talk about the balance of payment and exchange rate. After that we will mention the globalization and sustainability with Mexico. Also to analyze the SWOT of Mexico, deal with the economy of Mexico weather this place has val ue to continue investment. Finally, we talk about three big issues in Mexico which are crime, pollution and climate. Those may bring the influence with Mexico economy. Background information Mexico Location Mexico is located in south part of North America and has 31 states and one federated area. Mexico links Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California, those are bordered on the north of Mexico and south of Mexico are Guatemala. The size of Mexico is 1972550 square kilometers that included lots of uninhabited island. Its near one- fifth the size of the USA also three times the size of Texas. The Capital is Mexico City which is located the south of country. The economy of Mexico developed fast that is number 14 of order in IMF (International Monetary Fund). Population Mexico is the first Spanish Country which has the most populous and it is also the second number of population in Latin America. In 2003, United Nations counted the population of Mexico around 103,457,000. The number of population in the world is eleventh. It was about 5% of population over 65 year of age in this year and 33% of population under 15 year of age. The ratio of man to women is 24:25. The growth of population is 3.1 % which is highest rate in the world during 1970 to 1980. According the data from United Nations, the growth of population rate was 1.45% per year of 2000-2005 and the density of population was 52 per square kilometers within 2002. According to the statistics in 2010, the population was growing to 112,468,855. Culture Spanish is national official language cause by the colonization. But there are many languages combined into Spanish that is different than usual. In addition their official language, there are 62 indigenous languages. The culture of Mexico mixes the local legend and Spanish culture and arts. About the religion, there isnt set up the official religion in Mexico. Due to the colonization by Spanish cause Roman Catholicism which is brought from Spanish to be the main religion. According to the census data, there are 95% to believe Christian and 89 % are Roman Catholics. Resource The crude oil was abundant in Mexico which is the seventh largest producer in 2009. Its also the second large supplier of oil and gas for USA that is the largest income of Mexico comes from. Nowadays, there is a problem about the reserve of oil decline that may impact their economy. In addition to above resources, minerals are important. Mexico is one of the most geologically dynamic areas in the world. Such as the silver which is ranked fifth number in the world. Hospitality industry and leisure in the world The hospitality industry is growing fast and main service department in the world. There is lots of different service industries included in hospitality such as food service, hotels and tourism. According the research, we can know many of countries economy are come from the tourism which is mutual influence with the hotel industry. In this part, we will deeply deal with the hotels industry in the world. Then the follow information is talking about the different and special hotels in the world: Ÿ Shoe hotels: The feature of hotel is built into the giant shoe and this idea was come from the story Old woman live in the shoe. The largest shoe hotel is in Japan and the most popular shape is platform dancing shoe of women. Ÿ Ice and snow hotels: The feature of hotel is built with the ice, every winter they need to rebuild the hotel cause by melting in each spring. Ÿ Underwater hotels: The feature of hotel is building under the water; you may see the view of sea directly in the guest room. Hospitality industry and leisure in Mexico In Mexico, tourism is very important and large industry. The place is number one destination for foreign travelers in the area of Latin America and number two destination in the area of whole America. It is ranked number ten of international travelers visited destination. It had over 22.6 million traveler arrival Mexico. The economic contribution of tourism increase to 13.2% and GDP (Gross Domestic product) increase 8% in 2008. The GDP of hotel industry was 17%. There are two features of location in hotel industry, one is near the beaches and another is located in cities. The following information is about kind of hotel in Mexico: Ÿ Intelligent Hotels Ÿ Grand Tourism Ÿ Resort Hotels with Spa Ÿ Boutique Hotels Ÿ Hotels of Limited Services: Ÿ No Category hotels: Economic Development In this part, we will talk about the economy of development from the 2000 to now in Mexico. In beginning of 21 century, Mexico paid back all the debts to the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and received the largest number of directly investment from other countries. Although the economy of Mexico declined cause the lower demand in 2001 and 2002. According to the economy program, the government tried to reach the goals of program and improved their financial states to raise high competitiveness and promote productivity in 2002. From the year to 2006, the government looked for some solutions to reduce the problem of financial deficit and public debts. Although the government planned to limit the costs, the social expenditure still needed and increased. In order to eliminating the issue of indigence, the government thought to change the tax reform and attracted more competitive by telecommunication, also allowed to invest by private in energy. Then Mexico joined in the WTO (World Trad e Organization) and the beginning of the Doha Trade also contained. A free trade was supported by government in the region of America. After in 2009, Barack Obama wanted large people of illegal immigrants in UAS to go down that might help the development of economy in Mexico by his aspect. The biggest important issue of economic development in Mexico is sustained flow of labor which keeps in northern area. And the flow of principal in southern area need to maintain stable, both would keep the economy running. Many of economic developments are based on reformation. Such as the free trade, NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement) had obvious benefits. But the price of raw materials was raised to influence the economic development that began the recession in this year. The period of 2010 and 2011 is recovery, with GDP growth of 5 ½ per cent in 2010 and 4  ½ per cent in 2011. Although the export would be slow this followed the exceptional rebound in 2010, the strong domestic deman d keep the recovery of Mexico. Environmental: PESTEL Political I. The important economic and trade policies in Mexico: included attracting foreign investment to create jobs, promote exports, encourage the development of high-tech industries and small enterprise; increased infrastructure, oil and natural gas investment, eliminate the state of drug abuse to maintain public security, and thus improve competitiveness, employment rate and tax reform to resolve the problem of tax evasion behavior. II. Important economic and trade measures in Mexico: Mexican government in September 2009 launched the economic plan of 2010 for to improve their economy, the plan can be divided into two section that one is fiscal Reform and one is competitive reform. The goals of fiscal reform section: To intensify the public finances in the short term, to create a stable income for supplanting dwindling oil taxes, motivate their economic recovery and growth. This fiscal reform measures to change the tax system, the involved tax including business income tax (ISR), cash deposits withholding tax (IDE), value added tax (IVA), the production and service at a special tax (IEPS) and a flat tax (IETU), and it also created a new tax in the tax system. The main measures include: Value-added tax (IVA): increased from 15% tax rate to 16% tax rate. Beer tax: increase the beer tax rate from 25% to 28% began in 2010 until 2012; the beer tax rate will decrease to 27% in 2013, in 2014 will decrease to 25%. Spirits tax: alcohol concentration exceeding 20 degrees of spirit that levied 3 Peso per liter for tax. Cigarette tax: levied 0.8 Peso per cigarette in 2010, in 2013 will increase to 2 Peso per cigarette. Lottery tax: from 20% tax rate increased to 30% tax rate. Communications tax: public network communications services tax rate was 4%. Personal and business income tax: the maximum tax rate will be increased from 28% to 30% began in 2010 to 2012, the maximum tax rate will decrease to 29% in 2013 and decrease to 28% in 2014. The maximum tax of primary industries changed to 21%. Cash deposit withholding tax: tax rate from 2% increased to 3%, the minimum deposit amount from 25 000 Peso decrease to 15,000 Peso. To reduce tax for poor people: to levied 2% tax to all of the sales goods and services, and the poor people no need to pay the tax of the export goods. Oil and natural gas extraction tax: tax rate from 20% dropped to 15%. Economic The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America published the â€Å"2010 survey of the economic situation in Latin America† report in 2010.12.23, the report indicated the Latin American economic growth of 6% in 2010 that reversed the trend of economic decline, the report estimated that Latin American economy will continue to grow in 2011 and the increase rate is 4.2%. In 2010, the South America was the fastest region where grew economies in Latin America and the growing rate was 6.6%; Mexico and Central American countries was the second where growing rate was 4.9%. The report also predicted that Mexican economic growth of 4.6% in 2011. In 2010, Mexican annual GDP growing rate was 5.5% that is the highest rate in the past ten years, data show that the fourth quarter of last year, Mexican manufacturing sector output value growth of 6%, construction output value growth of 4.3% and the hospitality sector growth of 5%. Mexican National Statistics indicated that Mexico has moved out from the economic recession which was brought by the global financial crisis in 2009. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) predicated Mexican GDP grow by 4.5% in 2011. Social Mexico is the most populous Spanish-speaking country which also is the second most populous country in Latin America, entire country has about 60% population is Indo-European mestizos, 30% population is Indian descendant, 9% European descendant and 1% another nation. Mexico is a Catholic country, entire country has 89% of the population is Catholic, but there also has 6% of population believe in the various Protestant, the remaining 5% of the population believe in other religions or no religion. The total population of Mexico is 103.3 million, there is the third most of population in Americas, after the United States and Brazil and ranked eleventh in the world. There has 12,000 churches across the country, almost every three or four blocks there has a church, so Catholic has important influence in Mexico and effect Mexican habits directly, and Mexican realize purple is unlucky color. Technological Mexico has a technical standard for protect Mexicans and animal or plant life, environmental and consumer mandatory. Mexico is the member of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The technical standards in Mexico divided into voluntary standard and mandatory standards. Mandatory standards (NOM) also known as the official Mexican standards, Its main purpose is to protect human and animal or plant life or health, environmental, or prevention of fraud on the goods, services or production. Voluntary standard also known as Mexico Standard(NMX), mainly used to guide consumers, producers as well as a tool improve the quality. Mexico Standard is composed by 6 private unite and 9 government departments Mexicos national standards system by the six private units and 9 government(Ministry of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Communications, Energy, Environmental Protection, Ministry of Health, Labor, Tourism and Social Development). Mexicos National Standardization Committee† to formulate policies, coordinates implementation of the standards, and by standardizing the annual plan. It is also responsible for the development and implementation of technical standards body, which represents the Mexican scientific research, industry, trade and consumer interests in standardization. Currently, the Mexican government thinks that the Mexican standard has gap with ISO or other international standards. In the electronics industry, the standard match rate with ISO or other international standards is 80%, but some industry only 10% or 20% (e.g. pollutant Emission standards, the determination of origin and travel services, etc.). Mexican Official Standard was about 65% co rrespond with international standards. Environmental (1) Geographical environment : Mexico situate in the south of the north America, its north side adjacent with U.S, the south side adjacent with Guatemala and Belize, the east side adjacent with Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, the west side adjacent with Pacific Ocean, so it became the geographical hub for connecting the North American and South American. Mexico became an attraction for the foreign investors because of its vast place, large population, abundant labor, low cost of labor and land and it also is a member in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). (2) Energy: Mexico has abundant oil, water, electricity, natural gas and other energy supply. Mexico is the worlds sixth largest oil producer. Calderà ³n government announced a plan to cut the industrial electricity price rates in 2009 for promoting their economic (high-voltage decreased 20%, medium-voltage decrease 17%, low voltage and commercial power decrease 9%), and allow businesses to choose a fixed electricity rate for 12 months with the help manufacturers reduce costs. (3) Transportation: Mexicos transport and logistics facilities are fairly well developed, road network is 55,000 miles in length which connecting the nations major consumption and production areas, the railway network is about 20,000 in length. And there has a very efficient air services, there has about 40 domestic airports, 32 international airports; the main international airports are located at Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara, Leon, Acapulco, Cancun, Merida and so on. The major ports in east coast including Tampico, Veracruz, Coatzacoalcos and Progreso; the main ports in west coast including Manzanillo, Lazaro Cardenas, Guaymas, La Paz, Mazatlan and Salina Cruz. However, the national highway and railway network has not been established, high transportation costs. Legal When make an investment in Mexico, the labor law is an important law to be considered. Mexican labor laws and regulations formulated the provisions of labor contracts to protect the labor right, whether workers are Mexicans or foreigners, as long as he is in Mexico to provide labor to the companies or the individuals, their rights would be protected. In Mexico, the labor contract can have the following three types: formal labor contracts, temporary labor contracts and labor contracts on a project. Mexicos Federal Labor Act provides a provision for giving a minimum treatment to the labor. The provision including: morning shift should be within six a.m. to eight p.m., daily working hours up to 8 hours or 48 hours a week; night shift should be within 8 p.m. to 6 a.m., daily working hours up to 7 hours or 42 hours a week; daily working hours up to seven and half hours or 45 hours a week for mixed shift, but the night working hours cannot exceed three and a half hours. The break time cann ot be less than half hour in daily; overtime cannot more than three hours per day and not more than three times per week. Investment Mexican law does not allow foreign investment in the following areas: petroleum and petrochemical; electricity; nuclear energy; radioactive minerals; telegraph; wireless telegraphy; Post; small airports and heliports monitoring, fishery and fishing regulation. Following the economic field only allow Mexicans and Mexican enterprises to invest in business: inland transport including passenger and cargo, not including postal and courier services; gasoline retail; radio broadcasting services; credit unions; banking; specific professional performance and Technical services. Except as provided by law, foreign investment is not allow to involve in the above-mentioned economic activities directly, nor through cooperation, contract, partnership, or other means in operation of the business or control. Mexican law limits on the proportion of foreign investment: foreign investment can reach 10% in the production-oriented enterprises; 25% in domestic aviation and special air transport. Up to 49% foreign investment in the following areas: insurance companies, foreign exchange companies, bonded warehouses, financial leasing companies, agents; fixed asset investment company shares; investment company; pension companies; newspaper company; agriculture, large farms; freshwater, coastal and fishing in the exclusive economic zone, excluding fisheries; complete port management; engaged in the development of inland and coastal shipping business, do not include port Construction, preservation and operation of equipment; ships, aircraft, railway equipment, supplies of fuel and lubricants; telecommunications franchise companies. Limited liability Company: the number of shareholders required for the 2-50 people; required minimum capital of 3,000 pesos; shareholder liability is limited to the amount of money invested in the company; the name of the company has special requirements. Co., Ltd.: 2 or more the number of shareholders, but no upper limit; minimum capital amount of 50,000 pesos; shareholder liability is limited to their own funds to invest in the company; the name of the company has special requirements. Mexico Income In 2010, annual GDP is 13137.172 billion Pesos at current currency rate and increase 10.1%; 88607.03 billion Pesos at 2003 constant currency rate and increase 5.5%. Bank of Mexico indicated that the Mexican GDP change to the U.S. dollar on average exchange rates is about 1039.903 billion U.S. dollars. Mexicos oil revenues in 2011 expected to grow by 4.5%, total income was expected to rise 3.9%. Tourism Income According to statistics, the January to February in 2010, there were 18,506,000 visitors to travel to Mexico, it was a growth of 7.2% at the same period in 2009, and the total income was 9,831,000,000 U.S. dollars that compared with 9,181,000,000 U.S. dollars in 2009 which increased 650 million dollars. The total consumption of tourists in Mexico was 7,710,000,000 U.S. dollars and it was increase 10.3% compared with 2009. Among them, the cruise tourism generated 428 million U.S dollars revenue for Mexico and it was 22.1% increased that compared with 2009. The number of cruise passengers reached 493.6 million and it was 12.3% increased that compared with 2009. In 2010, the RevPAR of hotel in Mexico has 29.5% increased that compared with 2009 and it reached to 67.47 U.S. dollars. Globalization Economy In recent year, the world multi polarization and economic globalization develop become more faster. To facing the opportunities and challenges which are brought by economic globalization, Mexico tries to seek the profit, open wider to the outside world and it actives to cooperate with the other countries in the world. In the tide of globalization, Mexico firmly grasp the opportunity, early in 1992, Mexico sign up the North American Free Trade Agreement with United States and Canada, it comes into being 360 million consumers and the annual gross national product in Mexico is more than six trillion U.S. dollars in the world and it become the largest free trade area in the world. Mexico tries to utilize the advances technology and huge market in United States and Canada, to develop the export oriented enterprises. Otherwise, Mexico is mainly to focus on the foreign trade to promote economic development. This action can improve the Mexicos competitiveness in the international market and increase the foreign trade. According to Mexican government statistics, the Mexican foreign trade export volume is increased to 117.5 billion U.S. dollars in 1998 and the foreign trade export volume is 298.36 billion U.S. dollars in 2010. To compare the export volume in 2009, it has 29.8% increases in Mexico. Mexico is continued to maintain the biggest exporter status in Latin America. Until now, Mexico signed the Free Trade Agreement in twelve times and its involved with 44 countries in the world. These agreements constitute a multilateral trade network for the Mexico economy and it is a benefit for the competition in the globalization of trade and it offers more opportunities to develop in Mexico. However, the globalization economy also poses a challenge in Mexico. As Mexico is over reliance on the export trade, the outbreak of the Mexican financial crisis in 1994 make the negative GDP growth of 6.2% in Mexico and the inflation rate as high as 52% and there were 70 billion U.S. dollars economic loss. In 1997, the economy was also affect by the Asian and Russian financial crisis. Otherwise, globalization has made Mexico over dependent on the U.S. economy, the domestic polarization between rich and poor did not improve and it has made the trade in competition with the industrialized countries are still in a passive position. To enhance the ability to prevent and withstand risks, Mexican governments increase the opening to the outside world and cooperate with more international countries, Mexican government also encourage businesses to participate in the competition and strengthen their own protection. Otherwise, Mexican government is also accord to rectify the financial system, improve the laws of economic and the establishment of risk prevention mechanism to overcome the negative effects of globalization. Sustainability Economy Most of developing countries that are facing a big challenge that is millions of people are living in poverty such as Indonesia, India, China, Brazil and Mexico also. It is a relevant problem for the sustainable economy in Mexico. The policies of sustainability in Mexico in not only help the people to recover the acute fiscal crisis; it is also helpful to solve the most entrenched human problems. 1. Gain the competitiveness Mexico needs to increase more competitive on the world economy. Renovating the economy in Mexico is based on sustainable principles; it is mainly to focus on the effective use of resources. It is helpful to attract the talent and investment form the other countries and make the economy in Mexico become more important and stable. 2. Resources and environment protection As helping the poverty population and increase the profit are only a part of sustainable development that the main mission in sustainable development is decreasing the effects of global warming. Because of the poor and development countries are the most affected by global warmings disastrous effects such as flood and drought. For the example, Mexico suffered its worst drought and worst flood in 70 years in 2009. Otherwise, the protection of natural resources and environment in Mexico are also important. As the tourism industry is the third biggest industry in Mexico, because of this reason, protecting and keeping the resources and environment healthy is extremely important for the Mexican government and the Mexico economy. Elements affect Mexico Economy Crime The crime problem in Mexico is a large problem that is the most affective in Mexico economy and foreign investment. In 2008, there were more than 3000 people had been killed by the kidnapping, murder and the other organized crime in Mexico and 2700 people had been killed in 2007. Otherwise, the inflation problem made the low income families in Mexico had been going on strikes and demonstrations for several weeks in 2008, the middle class are also join the protest because of the frequent violence problems and they are usually targeted by criminals in Mexico. Because of the deteriorating of crime and security in Mexico, it may increase 5% to 10% cost in the companys operating. It may undermine the competitiveness of enterprises, reduce the employment opportunities and hinder the development of the national economy. In addition, the social environment is not stable in Mexico will also affect the confidence of foreign investors. Pollution The pollution in Mexico is famous in the world. Because of the rapid development of economy in Mexico, there are most of plants are uncontrolled to built around the capital in Mexico, in addition, because of the religious reasons that is oppose any contraceptive measures, it makes the population and the demand of car are increase, for this reason to lead the air pollution problem in Mexico. Air pollution problems in Mexico stem from the industrial and geographical factors, which includes: Due to the high altitude and low oxygen, fuel is not easy to burn and release the pollution substances. The destruction of forest land and available resources. Automotive significant increase in emissions. In 2010, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill that makes a large scales of water pollution. Most of fishes, birds, marine life and even plants are affecting by the oil spill, it also makes a large affect for the fishing industries. Climate The climate in Mexico is not much difference in four seasons. But it is so unlucky that there are flood and drought in Mexico in 2009 and it is mainly depend on the problems of global warming. The drought in Mexico made more than 1.16 billion U.S. dollars in agricultural losses in 2009. Because of the unstable climate, it may affect the economy growth and the foreign investment. In 2010, there has a climate conference which is locate in Mexico and it is mainly to find out the solutions to prevent the global warming with other countries. S.W.O.T. analysis Strengths As Mexico is one of the most important economic hubs in Latin American and it is connect with America. The economy in Mexico is a free market economy with modern industries and agriculture. The Government in Mexico has implemented the privatization of economic and it is also encourage competition in the harbor, electricity, railway, gas and airport services etc. Because of the market in Mexico is open for the countries, it can attract more investors to open their industries and investment. Otherwise, Mexico is located near America that is easy to trade with American industries. Otherwise, the government in Mexico has sign North American Free Trade Agreement that can be easier to cooperate with the other countries and increasing the foreign investment. Weaknesses Because of the economy in Mexico is over reliance on the America, it may affect the trade in competition with the industrialized countries are still in a passive position. Otherwise, the open market in Mexico is easy to have the phenomenon of monopoly and oligopoly. It is happen in a variety of industries such as the telecommunications. As the large company controls the telecommunications industry, it may decrease the competitiveness and finally it may affect the economy in Mexico. Moreover, the problem of monopoly is also leaded the wealth gap problem and widening the income gap. As there are more than 100 million people in Mexico, but it is nearly half of people are the poor households. Because the rich persons control the political and economic in Mexico, the resulting is the poor do not have opportunities to development. Otherwise, the monopolies of rich people are also decrease the competitiveness and the foreign investment in the market in Mexico. Opportunities As Mexico is a free market economy, every investors are also have chance to invest and build their company in Mexico. In these few years, Mexican government is welcome the foreign investors and the government actively promote the industries on automobile, electronic, aerospace, the semi conductors and other high tech industries. In addition, the President in Mexico Calderon has been calling for investment in the public transport, expansion of port and airport, natural gas and power plant construction etc for the local investors. Because of the good location and the low labor cost, it is an opportunity for the investment and its easier to expand into new market in Mexico. But the problem of wealth gap leads the unemployment, crime and social security problems. Threats According to the research, there is 5.5% economic growth in Mexico in 2010. The economic recovery in America is also boost the growth of exports in Mexico. Although Mexicos economy become to reduce the reliance on foreign markets, but the economic growth in America and the Europe countries are still to be a threats and it may affect the growth of economic development in Mexico. Otherwise, the problems of crime and climate are still the large threats which may affect the growth of domestic economy and the confidence of foreign investments. Is Mexico fit for investment? As Mexico is one of the most important countries in Latin America and it is also open the market for the foreign investment, we are according to the PESTLE and analysis the economy environment then we find out the answer. Mexico is fit for investment. Although Mexico is facing most of problems such as crime, pollution and climate and it is also over reliance on the America economy, but the government is already has find out some solution to innovate their own problems. For the long term view, Mexic